The gold standard for the diagnosis of bacterial infections in clinical samples is based on culture tests that are time-consuming and labor-intense. For these reasons, an extraordinary effort has been made to identify biomarkers as the tools for sensitive, rapid and accurate identification of pathogenic microorganisms. Moreover, biomarkers have been tested to distinguish colonization from infection, monitor disease progression, determine the clinical status of patients or predict clinical outcomes. This mini-review describes Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus biomarkers, which contribute to pathogenesis and have been used in culture-independent bacterial identification directly from patient samples.

中文翻译：

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铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌毒力因子作为感染的生物标志物

临床样本中细菌感染诊断的金标准是基于耗时且劳动强度大的培养测试。由于这些原因，已经做出了非凡的努力来识别生物标志物作为敏感、快速和准确识别病原微生物的工具。此外，生物标志物已经过测试以区分定植和感染、监测疾病进展、确定患者的临床状态或预测临床结果。这篇小评论描述了铜绿假单胞菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物标志物有助于发病机制，并已用于直接从患者样本中进行不依赖培养的细菌鉴定。