Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ (CO₂RR), driven by renewable energy (such as wind and solar energy), is an effective route toward carbon neutralization. The multicarbon (C₂₊) products from CO₂RR are highly desirable, since they are important fuels, chemicals, and industrial raw materials. However, selective reduction of CO₂ to C₂₊ products is especially challenging, due to low selectivity, poor yield, and high overpotential. Since the performance of CO₂RR is closely related to the structure and composition of catalysts, which alter the binding energy of intermediates generated in CO₂RR, it is necessary to study these effects systematically to achieve possible design strategies. Herein, design strategies toward catalysts for CO₂ conversion to C₂₊ products are discussed on the basis of the adjustment of the structure and composition of catalysts, such as morphology control, defect engineering, bimetal, and surface modification. Meanwhile the reaction mechanisms and structure evolution of catalysts during CO₂RR are focused on in particular. Finally, challenges and perspectives are proposed for further improvement of CO₂RR technologies.

中文翻译：

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用于将 CO2 电化学还原为多碳产品的催化剂设计

由可再生能源（如风能和太阳能）驱动的 CO ₂电化学还原(CO ₂ RR) 是实现碳中和的有效途径。来自 CO ₂ RR的多碳 (C ₂₊ ) 产品非常受欢迎，因为它们是重要的燃料、化学品和工业原材料。然而，由于选择性低、产率低和高过电位，将 CO ₂选择性还原为 C ₂₊产物尤其具有挑战性。由于 CO ₂ RR的性能与催化剂的结构和组成密切相关，这会改变 CO _{2 中}生成的中间体的结合能RR，有必要系统地研究这些影响以实现可能的设计策略。在此，从形貌控制、缺陷工程、双金属、表面改性等催化剂结构和组成的调整_出发，探讨了将CO ₂转化为C ₂₊产物的催化剂设计策略。同时重点研究了CO ₂ RR过程中催化剂的反应机理和结构演变。最后，提出了进一步改进 CO ₂ RR 技术的挑战和前景。