The electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into organic fuels and feedstocks is a fascinating method to implement the sustainable carbon cycle. Thus, a rational design of advanced electrocatalysts and a deep understanding of reaction mechanisms are crucial for the complex reactions of carbon dioxide reduction with multiple electron transfer. In situ and operando techniques with real-time monitoring are important to obtain deep insight into the electrocatalytic reaction to reveal the dynamic evolution of electrocatalysts’ structure and composition under experimental conditions. In this paper, the reaction pathways for the CO₂ reduction reaction (CO₂RR) in the generation of various products (e.g., C₁ and C₂) via the proposed mechanisms are introduced. Moreover, recent advances in the development and applications of in situ and operando characterization techniques, from the basic working principles and in situ cell structure to detailed applications are discussed. Suggestions and future directions of in situ/operando analysis are also addressed.

中文翻译：

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促进电催化二氧化碳还原的原位表征

将二氧化碳电催化还原为有机燃料和原料是实现可持续碳循环的一种引人入胜的方法。因此，先进电催化剂的合理设计和对反应机理的深入理解对于二氧化碳还原与多电子转移的复杂反应至关重要。具有实时监测的原位和操作技术对于深入了解电催化反应以揭示实验条件下电催化剂结构和组成的动态演变非常重要。在本文中，CO ₂还原反应 (CO ₂ RR) 在生成各种产物（例如 C ₁和 C ₂) 通过提议的机制被引入。此外，还讨论了原位和操作数表征技术的开发和应用的最新进展，从基本工作原理和原位单元结构到详细应用。还讨论了原位/操作分析的建议和未来方向。