Dehesas and montados are Mediterranean agroforestry systems characterized by scattered oak trees with an understory grazed extensively by livestock and, in some cases, periodically cropped. A long history of traditional management practices has created an open woodland widely recognized for rich biodiversity and multiple ecosystem services. Concerns about challenges to their long-term viability have motivated many disparate scientific studies in recent decades. We provide a synthesis of this growing body of international literature, focusing on the links between land use and management practices, biodiversity, and policy, from a “high nature value farming systems” perspective. The present review comprises 128 empirical studies carried out in Spain and Portugal. Conservation trends were assessed according to categories adapted from the DPSIR (Drivers - Pressures - State - Impacts - Responses) framework. Socio-cultural factors, economic dynamics, and agricultural policies were found to be key drivers of change, resulting in intensification of livestock production and land use simplification, among other effects. Insufficient tree regeneration and a broad range of other factors were identified as pressures that have often negative impacts on biodiversity and ecosystem services, moving the system away from its archetypical ecological state. A variety of management and policy responses were suggested, ranging from specific conservation techniques to landscape-level initiatives. Ecosystem components and management practices were typically studied separately, and mainly from an ecological science perspective, while inter- and transdisciplinary approaches including examination of the role of people were less common. This points to a need to move from single-topic to landscape-level approaches with a broader integration of different disciplines and perspectives.

中文翻译：

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Dehesas 作为高自然价值农业系统：驱动因素、压力、状态、影响和响应的社会生态综合

Dehesas 和 montados 是地中海的农林业系统，其特点是橡树散落，林下被牲畜广泛放牧，在某些情况下，还会定期种植。悠久的传统管理实践创造了一片开阔的林地，因其丰富的生物多样性和多种生态系统服务而广为人知。近几十年来，对其长期生存能力面临挑战的担忧激发了许多不同的科学研究。我们从“高自然价值农业系统”的角度综合分析了这一不断增长的国际文献，重点关注土地利用和管理实践、生物多样性和政策之间的联系。本综述包括在西班牙和葡萄牙进行的 128 项实证研究。保护趋势是根据从 DPSIR（驱动因素 - 压力 - 状态 - 影响 - 响应）框架改编的类别进行评估的。发现社会文化因素、经济动态和农业政策是变化的关键驱动因素，导致畜牧业生产集约化和土地利用简化等。树木再生不足和范围广泛的其他因素被确定为压力，这些压力通常对生物多样性和生态系统服务产生负面影响，使系统偏离其典型的生态状态。提出了各种管理和政策应对措施，从特定的保护技术到景观层面的举措。生态系统组成部分和管理实践通常是分开研究的，主要是从生态科学的角度来看，而包括检查人的作用在内的跨学科和跨学科方法则不太常见。这表明需要从单一主题转向更广泛整合不同学科和观点的景观级方法。