Aqueous Mg batteries are promising energy storage and conversion systems to cope with the increasing demand for green, renewable and sustainable energy. Realization of high energy density and long endurance system is significant for fully delivering the huge potential of aqueous Mg batteries, which has drawn increasing attention and investigations from researchers worldwide in the last years. Herein, a thorough insight into recent progress in aqueous Mg battery system is presented in terms of anode development and electrolyte tailoring. Accordingly, potential directions to move in the future for battery advances are proposed. Concomitantly, prospective application of computational methods assisted by machine learning for battery performance boosting is discussed. Moreover, a comprehensive understanding on self-discharge of Mg anodes in aqueous electrolytes is given based on recently published results. Overcoming this problem paves the way for achieving high-capacity anodes and consequently high-energy batteries.

水系镁电池是一种很有前景的能量存储和转换系统，可满足对绿色、可再生和可持续能源日益增长的需求。高能量密度和长续航系统的实现对于充分发挥水性镁电池的巨大潜力具有重要意义，这在过去几年引起了全球研究人员越来越多的关注和研究。在此，在阳极开发和电解质定制方面，对水性镁电池系统的最新进展进行了全面深入的了解。因此，提出了未来电池进步的潜在方向。同时，讨论了由机器学习辅助的计算方法在电池性能提升方面的前瞻性应用。而且，基于最近发表的结果给出了对含水电解质中镁阳极自放电的全面理解。克服这个问题为实现高容量阳极和高能量电池铺平了道路。