Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery has been established as the standard treatment for locally advanced esophageal cancer. For patients with complete regression after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, active surveillance rather than planned surgery has been proposed as an organ preservation strategy. Reliable biomarkers to predict chemoradiation response is needed. We first summarized the previous reports of biomarkers with the potential to predict the treatment response of esophageal cancer neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy. These traditional biomarkers are classified into three groups: genetic biomarkers, RNA biomarkers, and protein biomarkers. We then summarized some special types of biomarkers, including metabolites biomarkers, immune and tumor microenvironment biomarkers, and microbiome biomarkers.

新辅助放化疗联合手术已成为局部晚期食管癌的标准治疗方法。对于新辅助化疗后完全消退的患者，已提出主动监测而不是计划手术作为器官保存策略。需要可靠的生物标志物来预测放化疗反应。我们首先总结了之前关于具有预测食管癌新辅助放化疗疗效的生物标志物的报道。这些传统的生物标志物分为三类：遗传生物标志物、RNA生物标志物和蛋白质生物标志物。然后我们总结了一些特殊类型的生物标志物，包括代谢物生物标志物、免疫和肿瘤微环境生物标志物以及微生物组生物标志物。