Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of birth defect-related death in infants and is a global pediatric health concern. While the genetic causes of CHD have become increasingly recognized with advances in genome sequencing technologies, the etiology for the majority of cases of CHD is unknown. The maternal environment during embryogenesis has a profound impact on cardiac development, and numerous environmental factors are associated with an elevated risk of CHD. Maternal diabetes mellitus (matDM) is associated with up to a fivefold increased risk of having an infant with CHD. The rising prevalence of diabetes mellitus has led to a growing interest in the use of experimental diabetic models to elucidate mechanisms underlying this associated risk for CHD. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive summary of rodent models that are being used to investigate alterations in cardiac developmental pathways when exposed to a maternal diabetic setting and to summarize the key findings from these models. The majority of studies in the field have utilized the chemically induced model of matDM, but recent advances have also been made using diet based and genetic models. Each model provides an opportunity to investigate unique aspects of matDM and is invaluable for a comprehensive understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying matDM-associated CHD.

中文翻译：

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母体高血糖对心脏发育的影响：来自动物模型的见解

先天性心脏病 (CHD) 是导致婴儿出生缺陷相关死亡的主要原因，是全球儿科健康问题。虽然随着基因组测序技术的进步，CHD 的遗传原因已越来越被认可，但大多数 CHD 病例的病因尚不清楚。胚胎发育过程中的母体环境对心脏发育有深远的影响，许多环境因素与冠心病的风险升高有关。母体糖尿病 (matDM) 与婴儿患 CHD 的风险增加五倍有关。糖尿病患病率的上升导致人们对使用实验性糖尿病模型来阐明这种与冠心病相关风险背后的机制越来越感兴趣。本综述的目的是对啮齿动物模型进行全面总结，这些模型用于研究暴露于孕产妇糖尿病环境时心脏发育途径的变化，并总结这些模型的主要发现。该领域的大多数研究都利用了 matDM 的化学诱导模型，但最近也使用基于饮食的模型和遗传模型取得了进展。每个模型都提供了研究 matDM 独特方面的机会，并且对于全面了解 matDM 相关 CHD 的分子和细胞机制非常宝贵。该领域的大多数研究都利用了 matDM 的化学诱导模型，但最近也使用基于饮食的模型和遗传模型取得了进展。每个模型都提供了研究 matDM 独特方面的机会，并且对于全面了解 matDM 相关 CHD 的分子和细胞机制非常宝贵。该领域的大多数研究都利用了 matDM 的化学诱导模型，但最近也使用基于饮食的模型和遗传模型取得了进展。每个模型都提供了研究 matDM 独特方面的机会，并且对于全面了解 matDM 相关 CHD 的分子和细胞机制非常宝贵。