Invoked by a rising demand for energy in greenhouse production, the industry has adopted a new approach by incorporating photovoltaic panels. A photovoltaic/thermal (PVT) system was used both inside and outside of a greenhouse to simultaneously supply electricity and heating. The experiments were carried out in both indoor and outdoor conditions using pure water cooling, single nanofluids (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 wt%), and hybrid nanofluids (SiO₂-Al₂O₃; 0.1–0.1, 0.3–0.3 and 0.5–0.5 %wt). The highest electrical and thermal efficiency values were 13.17% and 65.05% for the outdoor PV panel , and 11.47% and 56.08% for the indoor panel using hybrid nanofluid with the 0.5–0.5 concentration of (wt%). The results also indicated that the overall efficiency of the indoor and outdoor systems were 48.54% and 63.26%, respectively, when using pure water. Hybrid nanofluid, however, increased the overall efficiency of both indoor and outdoor systems by 68.09% and 75.26%. This finding revealed the larger effect of the nanofluid on the indoor system than on the outdoor greenhouse. Accordingly, the efficiency gap of the two systems was dropped from 14.72% to 7.17% when working with nanofluid, instead of pure water. Additionally, the results showed that the overall efficiency of the indoor system had the closest efficiency to that of the outdoor system when using the single and hybrid (Al₂O₃-SiO₂) water-based nanofluids.

由于温室生产对能源的需求不断增长，该行业采用了一种新方法，即集成光伏电池板。温室内外均使用光伏/热能 (PVT) 系统同时供电和供暖。使用纯水冷却、单一纳米流体（0.1、0.3 和 0.5 wt%）和混合纳米流体（SiO ₂ -Al ₂ O ₃; 0.1–0.1、0.3–0.3 和 0.5–0.5 %wt)。室外光伏电池板的最高电和热效率值分别为 13.17% 和 65.05%，使用浓度为 0.5-0.5 (wt%) 的混合纳米流体的室内电池板分别为 11.47% 和 56.08%。结果还表明，使用纯水时，室内和室外系统的整体效率分别为 48.54% 和 63.26%。然而，混合纳米流体将室内和室外系统的整体效率提高了 68.09% 和 75.26%。这一发现揭示了纳米流体对室内系统的影响大于对室外温室的影响。因此，当使用纳米流体而不是纯水时，两个系统的效率差距从 14.72% 下降到 7.17%。此外，₂ O ₃ -SiO ₂ ) 水基纳米流体。