The Human Connectome Project (HCP) was launched in 2010 as an ambitious effort to accelerate advances in human neuroimaging, particularly for measures of brain connectivity; apply these advances to study a large number of healthy young adults; and freely share the data and tools with the scientific community. NIH awarded grants to two consortia; this retrospective focuses on the “WU-Minn-Ox” HCP consortium centered at Washington University, the University of Minnesota, and University of Oxford. In just over 6 years, the WU-Minn-Ox consortium succeeded in its core objectives by: 1) improving MR scanner hardware, pulse sequence design, and image reconstruction methods, 2) acquiring and analyzing multimodal MRI and MEG data of unprecedented quality together with behavioral measures from more than 1100 HCP participants, and 3) freely sharing the data (via the ConnectomeDB database) and associated analysis and visualization tools. To date, more than 27 Petabytes of data have been shared, and 1538 papers acknowledging HCP data use have been published. The “HCP-style” neuroimaging paradigm has emerged as a set of best-practice strategies for optimizing data acquisition and analysis. This article reviews the history of the HCP, including comments on key events and decisions associated with major project components. We discuss several scientific advances using HCP data, including improved cortical parcellations, analyses of connectivity based on functional and diffusion MRI, and analyses of brain-behavior relationships. We also touch upon our efforts to develop and share a variety of associated data processing and analysis tools along with detailed documentation, tutorials, and an educational course to train the next generation of neuroimagers. We conclude with a look forward at opportunities and challenges facing the human neuroimaging field from the perspective of the HCP consortium.

人类连接组计划 (HCP) 于 2010 年启动，是一项雄心勃勃的努力，旨在加速人类神经影像学的进步，特别是在大脑连接测量方面；应用这些进展来研究大量健康的年轻人；并与科学界自由共享数据和工具。NIH 向两个财团提供资助；本次回顾重点关注以华盛顿大学、明尼苏达大学和牛津大学为中心的“WU-Minn-Ox”HCP 联盟。在短短 6 年多的时间里，WU-Minn-Ox 联盟通过以下方式成功实现了其核心目标：1) 改进 MR 扫描仪硬件、脉冲序列设计和图像重建方法，2) 一起采集和分析前所未有质量的多模态 MRI 和 MEG 数据包括 1100 多名 HCP 参与者的行为测量，以及 3) 免费共享数据（通过 ConnectomeDB 数据库）以及相关分析和可视化工具。迄今为止，已共享超过 27 PB 的数据，并发表了 1538 篇承认 HCP 数据使用的论文。“HCP 式”神经影像范式已成为一套优化数据采集和分析的最佳实践策略。本文回顾了 HCP 的历史，包括对与主要项目组成部分相关的关键事件和决策的评论。我们讨论了使用 HCP 数据的几项科学进展，包括改进的皮质分区、基于功能和扩散 MRI 的连接分析以及大脑行为关系的分析。我们还谈到了我们在开发和共享各种相关数据处理和分析工具方面所做的努力，以及详细的文档、教程和教育课程，以培训下一代神经成像仪。最后，我们从HCP联盟的角度展望了人类神经影像领域面临的机遇和挑战。