Childhood maltreatment, occurring in up to 20-30% of the population, remains far too common, and incorporates a range of active and passive factors, from abuse, to neglect, to the impacts of broader structural and systemic adversity. Despite the effects of childhood maltreatment and adversity on a wide range of adult physical and psychological negative outcomes, not all individuals respond similarly. Understanding the differential biological mechanisms contributing to risk vs. resilience in the face of developmental adversity is critical to improving preventions, treatments, and policy recommendations. This review begins by providing an overview of childhood abuse, neglect, maltreatment, threat, and toxic stress, and the effects of these forms of adversity on the developing body, brain, and behavior. It then examines examples from the current literature of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic discoveries and biomarkers that may help to understand risk and resilience in the aftermath of trauma, predictors of traumatic exposure risk, and potential targets for intervention and prevention. While the majority of genetic, epigenetic, and gene expression analyses to date have focused on targeted genes and hypotheses, large-scale consortia are now well-positioned to better understand interactions of environment and biology with much more statistical power. Ongoing and future work aimed at understanding the biology of childhood adversity and its effects will help to provide targets for intervention and prevention, as well as identify paths for how science, health care, and policy can combine efforts to protect and promote the psychological and physiological wellbeing of future generations.

儿童期虐待的发生率高达 20-30%，这种情况仍然非常普遍，并且包含一系列主动和被动因素，从虐待到忽视，再到更广泛的结构性和系统性逆境的影响。尽管童年时期的虐待和逆境会对成年人的身体和心理产生多种负面影响，但并非所有个体都会做出类似的反应。了解面对发展逆境时导致风险与恢复力的不同生物机制对于改善预防、治疗和政策建议至关重要。这篇综述首先概述了儿童时期的虐待、忽视、虐待、威胁和有毒应激，以及这些形式的逆境对发育中的身体、大脑和行为的影响。然后，它检查了当前文献中基因组、表观基因组、转录组和蛋白质组发现和生物标志物的例子，这些发现和生物标志物可能有助于了解创伤后的风险和恢复力、创伤暴露风险的预测因子以及干预和预防的潜在目标。虽然迄今为止大多数遗传、表观遗传和基因表达分析都集中在目标基因和假设上，但大型联盟现在处于有利地位，可以通过更强大的统计能力更好地理解环境和生物学的相互作用。正在进行和未来的工作旨在了解儿童逆境的生物学及其影响，这将有助于提供干预和预防的目标，并确定科学、医疗保健和政策如何结合努力来保护和促进心理和生理的路径。子孙后代的福祉。