Rationale

Internalizing problems (i.e., depressive and anxiety symptoms) are known to decrease adolescents' well-being, but knowledge about potential underlying mechanisms is limited. The qualities of adolescents' most proximal relationships with their parents and close friends are expected to play a role in the association between adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being.

Objective

The present study was conducted to 1) investigate the indirect longitudinal association between internalizing problems and adolescents' well-being via the quality of adolescents’ relationships with both their mothers and fathers and their close friends, and 2) test whether our findings were gender invariant.

Methods

Data were collected via online questionnaires in two waves at a 12-month interval from adolescents attending three secondary schools in the Netherlands (N = 1298; M age = 13.7 years, 53.2% girls). The data were analyzed using a two-wave cross-lagged panel model in R. Multigroup analyses were performed to examine the gender invariance of the findings.

Results

After controlling for baseline levels, results showed that (1) girls, but not boys, who reported more internalizing problems at T1 had lower well-being at T2; (2) girls and boys who reported more internalizing problems at T1 had lower-quality relationships with their mothers, fathers, and close friends at T2; and (3) boys, but not girls, who reported higher-quality friendships at T1 had higher well-being at T2. However, no significant indirect effects between internalizing problems and well-being via the quality of adolescents’ relationships with their parents and close friends were detected.

Conclusions

The current study contributes to understanding internalizing problems as an important risk factor to the quality of adolescents' proximal social relationships (parents, friends) and their well-being. The findings support the importance of building high-quality relationships, particularly friendships, and recommend future research to study adolescents’ internalizing problems and well-being including gender-specific examinations.

中文翻译：

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青少年内化问题、幸福感以及与母亲、父亲和亲密朋友的关系质量之间的纵向关联

基本原理

众所周知，内化问题（即抑郁和焦虑症状）会降低青少年的幸福感，但对潜在潜在机制的了解有限。青少年与父母和亲密朋友最亲密关系的品质预计会在青少年内化问题与幸福之间的关联中发挥作用。

客观的

本研究的目的是1）调查内在问题和青少年的关系，通过青少年的素质幸福之间的间接纵向关联双方的母亲和父亲和他们的亲密的朋友，和2）测试我们的研究结果是否有性别不变.

方法

数据是通过在 12 个月的时间间隔内从在荷兰三所中学就读的青少年（N  = 1298；M年龄 = 13.7 岁，53.2% 的女孩）中的两轮在线问卷收集的。使用 R 中的两波交叉滞后面板模型分析数据。进行多组分析以检查结果的性别不变性。

结果

在控制基线水平后，结果显示 (1) 女孩，而不是男孩，在 T1 报告更多内化问题的 T2 幸福感较低；(2) 在 T1 报告更多内化问题的女孩和男孩在 T2 与他们的母亲、父亲和亲密朋友的关系质量较低；(3) 在 T1 报告高质量友谊的男孩，但不是女孩，在 T2 的幸福感更高。然而，通过青少年与父母和亲密朋友的关系质量，内化问题和幸福感之间没有显着的间接影响。

结论

目前的研究有助于将内化问题理解为青少年近端社会关系（父母、朋友）及其幸福的质量的重要风险因素。研究结果支持建立高质量关系，尤其是友谊的重要性，并建议未来研究青少年的内化问题和幸福感，包括针对特定性别的考试。