Study Objectives We examined multiple actigraphy-based sleep parameters as moderators of associations between experiences of general and racial discrimination and adolescent internalizing symptoms (anxiety, depression) and externalizing behavior (rule-breaking). Adolescent sex and race were examined as additional moderators. Methods Participants were 272 adolescents (Mage = 17.3 years, SD = 0.76; 51% male; 59% White/European American, 41% Black/African American). Sleep was assessed using actigraphs for 7 consecutive nights from which sleep duration (minutes), efficiency, and variability in minutes over the week were derived. Youth reported on their experiences of general discrimination, racial discrimination, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and rule-breaking behavior. Results Both types of discrimination were associated with poorer adjustment outcomes. Longer sleep duration, greater sleep efficiency, and less variability in sleep duration were protective in associations between race-specific and general discrimination and internalizing symptoms. Findings for duration and efficiency were more pronounced for females such that the adverse effects of discrimination were minimized among females with longer and more efficient sleep. Greater variability in sleep exacerbated rule-breaking behavior among adolescents experiencing general or racial discrimination. Associations did not differ by adolescent race. Conclusions Short and poor-quality sleep may exacerbate internalizing symptoms for adolescents experiencing discrimination, particularly females. Variability in sleep duration was a key moderator of associations between discrimination and internalizing symptoms as well as rule-breaking behavior. Findings illustrate that actigraphy-assessed sleep parameters play a key role in ameliorating or exacerbating adjustment problems associated with discrimination.

中文翻译：

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青春期的辨别与调整：睡眠的调节作用

研究目标 我们检查了多个基于活动记录的睡眠参数，作为一般和种族歧视经历与青少年内化症状（焦虑、抑郁）和外化行为（违反规则）之间关联的调节因子。青少年的性别和种族作为额外的调节因素进行了检查。方法 参与者是 272 名青少年（Mage = 17.3 岁，SD = 0.76；51% 男性；59% 白人/欧洲裔美国人，41% 黑人/非洲裔美国人）。使用活动记录仪连续 7 晚评估睡眠，从中得出睡眠持续时间（分钟）、效率和一周内分钟数的可变性。青年报告了他们普遍歧视、种族歧视、焦虑、抑郁症状和违反规则行为的经历。结果 两种类型的歧视都与较差的调整结果有关。更长的睡眠时间、更高的睡眠效率和更少的睡眠时间变异性对种族特异性和一般歧视与内化症状之间的关联具有保护作用。对于女性来说，持续时间和效率的研究结果更为明显，因此在睡眠时间更长、效率更高的女性中，歧视的不利影响最小化。睡眠的更大变异性加剧了遭受普遍或种族歧视的青少年的违规行为。协会没有因青少年种族而异。结论 睡眠时间短且质量差可能会加剧遭受歧视的青少年，尤其是女性的内化症状。睡眠时间的变化是歧视和内化症状以及违反规则行为之间关联的关键调节因素。研究结果表明，活动记录评估的睡眠参数在改善或加剧与歧视相关的适应问题方面发挥着关键作用。