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Density-Dependent Cannibalism in Dragonfly Nymphs (Odonata: Anisoptera) Overwintering in Temperate Freshwater Ponds
Environmental Entomology ( IF 1.7 ) Pub Date : 2021-09-07 , DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab097
Candace Clark 1 , Thomas J Hossie 1 , David V Beresford 1
Affiliation  

Density-dependent mortality by predation and cannibalism has been observed in aquatic insects such as dragonflies in response to shrinking habitat caused by summer drought. Winter conditions might also reduce the amount of livable habitat in temperate ponds and could augment rates of cannibalism. We hypothesized that cannibalism in dragonfly nymphs would increase in winter due to a seasonal decrease in available habitat caused by stratified lower oxygen levels leading to increased nymph density around pond edges. To determine whether cannibalism in nymphs is density-dependent and size-dependent (i.e., with smaller nymphs consumed) we experimentally manipulated nymph density in aquaria. To evaluate whether these patterns are observed in nature during the winter, we conducted field surveys for nymphs in two ponds across the fall and winter seasons. When nymphs were housed at different densities for 24 h, cannibalism was density-dependent, and only smaller nymphs were preyed upon. Our field surveys found that fewer nymphs were caught in the late winter sampling period (mixed-effects model, P < 0.001), and that these were larger than nymphs caught in the fall, although both patterns were restricted to the deeper pond (P < 0.05). Our results were consistent with the process we hypothesized, and the observed reduction in dissolved oxygen at the bottom of the deeper pond. The lack of significant changes to the relative abundance and size of nymphs in the shallower pond reveals that differences in pond characteristics can influence the degree to which winter conditions induce density-dependent cannibalism among dragonfly nymphs.

中文翻译:

蜻蜓若虫(蜻蜓目:异翅目)在温带淡水池塘越冬的密度依赖性自相残杀

已在蜻蜓等水生昆虫中观察到捕食和同类相食导致的密度依赖性死亡率,以应对夏季干旱导致的栖息地萎缩。冬季条件也可能减少温带池塘中宜居栖息地的数量,并可能增加自相残杀率。我们假设蜻蜓若虫的同类相食会在冬季增加,这是由于分层的低氧水平导致池塘边缘若虫密度增加导致可用栖息地的季节性减少。为了确定若虫的自相残杀是否依赖于密度和大小(即消耗较小的若虫),我们实验性地操纵了水族箱中的若虫密度。为了评估这些模式是否在冬季在自然界中观察到,我们在秋季和冬季的两个池塘中对若虫进行了实地调查。当若虫以不同的密度饲养 24 小时时,同类相食是密度依赖性的,并且只捕食较小的若虫。我们的实地调查发现,在冬末采样期间捕获的若虫较少(混合效应模型,P < 0.001),而且这些若虫比秋季捕获的若虫大,尽管这两种模式都仅限于较深的池塘(P <0.05)。我们的结果与我们假设的过程以及观察到的较深池塘底部溶解氧的减少一致。较浅池塘中若虫的相对丰度和大小没有显着变化,这表明池塘特征的差异会影响冬季条件在蜻蜓若虫之间引起密度依赖性自相残杀的程度。同类相食与密度有关,只捕食较小的若虫。我们的实地调查发现,在冬末采样期间捕获的若虫较少(混合效应模型,P < 0.001),而且这些若虫比秋季捕获的若虫大,尽管这两种模式都仅限于较深的池塘(P <0.05)。我们的结果与我们假设的过程以及观察到的较深池塘底部溶解氧的减少一致。较浅池塘中若虫的相对丰度和大小没有显着变化,这表明池塘特征的差异会影响冬季条件在蜻蜓若虫之间引起密度依赖性自相残杀的程度。同类相食与密度有关,只捕食较小的若虫。我们的实地调查发现,在冬末采样期间捕获的若虫较少(混合效应模型,P < 0.001),而且这些若虫比秋季捕获的若虫大,尽管这两种模式都仅限于较深的池塘(P <0.05)。我们的结果与我们假设的过程以及观察到的较深池塘底部溶解氧的减少一致。较浅池塘中若虫的相对丰度和大小没有显着变化,这表明池塘特征的差异会影响冬季条件在蜻蜓若虫之间引起密度依赖性自相残杀的程度。我们的实地调查发现,在冬末采样期捕获的若虫较少(混合效应模型,P < 0.001),而且这些若虫比秋季捕获的若虫大,尽管这两种模式都仅限于更深的池塘(P <0.05)。我们的结果与我们假设的过程以及观察到的较深池塘底部溶解氧的减少一致。较浅池塘中若虫的相对丰度和大小没有显着变化,这表明池塘特征的差异会影响冬季条件在蜻蜓若虫之间引起密度依赖性自相残杀的程度。我们的实地调查发现,在冬末采样期间捕获的若虫较少(混合效应模型,P < 0.001),而且这些若虫比秋季捕获的若虫大,尽管这两种模式都仅限于较深的池塘(P <0.05)。我们的结果与我们假设的过程以及观察到的较深池塘底部溶解氧的减少一致。较浅池塘中若虫的相对丰度和大小没有显着变化,这表明池塘特征的差异会影响冬季条件在蜻蜓若虫之间引起密度依赖性自相残杀的程度。尽管这两种模式都仅限于较深的池塘(P < 0.05)。我们的结果与我们假设的过程以及观察到的较深池塘底部溶解氧的减少一致。较浅池塘中若虫的相对丰度和大小没有显着变化,这表明池塘特征的差异会影响冬季条件在蜻蜓若虫之间引起密度依赖性自相残杀的程度。尽管这两种模式都仅限于较深的池塘(P < 0.05)。我们的结果与我们假设的过程以及观察到的较深池塘底部溶解氧的减少一致。较浅池塘中若虫的相对丰度和大小没有显着变化,这表明池塘特征的差异会影响冬季条件在蜻蜓若虫之间引起密度依赖性自相残杀的程度。
更新日期:2021-09-07
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