The host-unrestricted, non-typhoidal Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) and the serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) are major causative agents of food-borne gastroenteritis, and the host-restricted Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum (S. Gallinarum) is responsible for fowl typhoid. Increasing drug resistance in Salmonella contributes to the reduction of effective therapeutic and/or preventive options. Bacteriophages appear to be promising antibacterial tools, able to combat infectious diseases caused by a wide range of Salmonella strains belonging to both host-unrestricted and host-restricted Salmonella serovars. In this study, five novel lytic Salmonella phages, named UPWr_S1-5, were isolated and characterized, including host range determination by plaque formation, morphology visualization with transmission electron microscopy, and establishment of physiological parameters. Moreover, phage genomes were sequenced, annotated and analyzed, and their genomes were compared with reference Salmonella phages by use of average nucleotide identity, phylogeny, dot plot, single nucleotide variation and protein function analysis. It was found that UPWr_S1-5 phages belong to the genus Jerseyvirus within the Siphoviridae family. All UPWr_S phages were found to efficiently infect various Salmonella serovars. Host range determination revealed differences in host infection profiles and exhibited ability to infect Salmonella enterica serovars such as Enteritidis, Gallinarum, Senftenberg, Stanley and Chester. The lytic life cycle of UPWr_S phages was confirmed using the mitomycin C test assay. Genomic analysis revealed that genomes of UPWr_S phages are composed of 51 core and 19 accessory genes, with 33 of all predicted genes having assigned functions. UPWr_S genome organization comparison revealed 3 kinds of genomes and mosaic structure. UPWr_S phages showed very high sequence similarity to each other, with more than 95% average nucleotide identity. Five novel UPWr_S1-5 bacteriophages were isolated and characterized. They exhibit host lysis range within 5 different serovars and are efficient in lysis of both host-unrestricted and host-restricted Salmonella serovars. Therefore, because of their ability to infect various Salmonella serovars and lytic life cycle, UPWr_S1-5 phages can be considered as useful tools in biological control of salmonellosis.

中文翻译：

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五种新型沙门氏菌靶向噬菌体的基因组和功能表征

宿主不受限制的非伤寒沙门氏菌肠炎血清型（S. Enteritidis）和鼠伤寒血清型（S. Typhimurium）是食源性胃肠炎的主要病原体，而宿主限制的肠道沙门氏菌鸡血清型（S. Gallinarum）负责禽伤寒。沙门氏菌耐药性的增加导致有效治疗和/或预防选择的减少。噬菌体似乎是很有前途的抗菌工具，能够对抗由属于宿主非限制性和宿主限制性沙门氏菌血清型的多种沙门氏菌菌株引起的传染病。在这项研究中，分离和表征了五种名为 UPWr_S1-5 的新型裂解沙门氏菌噬菌体，包括通过斑块形成确定宿主范围，用透射电子显微镜进行形态可视化，并建立生理参数。此外，对噬菌体基因组进行测序、注释和分析，并通过平均核苷酸同一性、系统发育、点图、单核苷酸变异和蛋白质功能分析将其基因组与参考沙门氏菌噬菌体进行比较。发现UPWr_S1-5噬菌体属于Siphoviridae家族的泽西病毒属。发现所有 UPWr_S 噬菌体都能有效感染各种沙门氏菌血清型。宿主范围测定揭示了宿主感染概况的差异，并表现出感染肠炎沙门氏菌血清型的能力，例如肠炎、加利纳菌、森夫滕贝格、斯坦利和切斯特。UPWr_S 噬菌体的裂解生命周期通过丝裂霉素 C 试验测定得到证实。基因组分析显示，UPWr_S 噬菌体的基因组由 51 个核心基因和 19 个辅助基因组成，其中 33 个预测基因具有指定的功能。UPWr_S基因组组织比较揭示了3种基因组和镶嵌结构。UPWr_S 噬菌体彼此显示出非常高的序列相似性，平均核苷酸同一性超过 95%。分离和表征了五种新型 UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体。它们在 5 种不同的血清型中表现出宿主裂解范围，并且在宿主不受限制和宿主限制的沙门氏菌血清型中均有效。因此，由于其能够感染各种沙门氏菌血清型和裂解生命周期，UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体可被视为沙门氏菌病生物控制的有用工具。所有预测的基因中有 33 个具有指定的功能。UPWr_S基因组组织比较揭示了3种基因组和镶嵌结构。UPWr_S 噬菌体彼此显示出非常高的序列相似性，平均核苷酸同一性超过 95%。分离和表征了五种新型 UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体。它们在 5 种不同的血清型中表现出宿主裂解范围，并且在宿主不受限制和宿主限制的沙门氏菌血清型中均有效。因此，由于其能够感染各种沙门氏菌血清型和裂解生命周期，UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体可被视为沙门氏菌病生物控制的有用工具。所有预测的基因中有 33 个具有指定的功能。UPWr_S基因组组织比较揭示了3种基因组和镶嵌结构。UPWr_S 噬菌体彼此显示出非常高的序列相似性，平均核苷酸同一性超过 95%。分离和表征了五种新型 UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体。它们在 5 种不同的血清型中表现出宿主裂解范围，并且在宿主不受限制和宿主限制的沙门氏菌血清型中均有效。因此，由于其能够感染各种沙门氏菌血清型和裂解生命周期，UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体可被视为沙门氏菌病生物控制的有用工具。UPWr_S 噬菌体彼此显示出非常高的序列相似性，平均核苷酸同一性超过 95%。分离和表征了五种新型 UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体。它们在 5 种不同的血清型中表现出宿主裂解范围，并且在宿主不受限制和宿主限制的沙门氏菌血清型中均有效。因此，由于其能够感染各种沙门氏菌血清型和裂解生命周期，UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体可被视为沙门氏菌病生物控制的有用工具。UPWr_S 噬菌体彼此显示出非常高的序列相似性，平均核苷酸同一性超过 95%。分离和表征了五种新型 UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体。它们在 5 种不同的血清型中表现出宿主裂解范围，并且在宿主不受限制和宿主限制的沙门氏菌血清型中均有效。因此，由于其能够感染各种沙门氏菌血清型和裂解生命周期，UPWr_S1-5 噬菌体可被视为沙门氏菌病生物控制的有用工具。