Vehicle exhaust solid particle number emissions >23 nm (SPN23) and >10 nm (SPN10) were studied for 56 market light-duty vehicles with over 1000 laboratory tests. The studied vehicle-types were gasoline port-fueled injection (PFI), gasoline direct injection (GDI), GDI with gasoline particulate filter (GPF-GDI), and diesel equipped with particulate filter (DPF) vehicles. GDI and DPF SPN emissions decreased with improving emission standards, while PFI did not. When all SPN data was considered, the emissions of GDI were the highest, followed by PFI, then DPF and GPF-GDI. However, considering the vehicles complying with the recent European regulation (Euro 6c or later), the PFI vehicles had the highest emissions amongst the studied vehicle types, often exceeding the current European SPN23 limit of 6·10¹¹ 1/km. although the limit is not applicable to them. In addition, PFI-vehicles had the highest average sub-23 nm fraction of the studied vehicle types at all SPN23 levels. For all of the vehicle types, SPN emissions increased at low ambient temperatures. While for GDI and PFI, the sub-23 nm fraction decreased at low temperatures, for DPF vehicles it increased.

对 56 辆市场轻型车辆进行了超过 1000 次实验室测试，研究了车辆尾气固体颗粒数排放 >23 nm (SPN23) 和 >10 nm (SPN10)。研究的车辆类型是汽油端口燃料喷射 (PFI)、汽油直喷 (GDI)、带汽油微粒过滤器的 GDI (GPF-GDI) 和配备微粒过滤器 (DPF) 的柴油车辆。GDI 和 DPF SPN 排放随着排放标准的提高而减少，而 PFI 没有。当考虑所有SPN数据时，GDI的排放量最高，其次是PFI，然后是DPF和GPF-GDI。然而，考虑到符合最近欧洲法规（欧 6c 或更高版本）的车辆，PFI 车辆在所研究的车辆类型中排放量最高，通常超过当前欧洲 SPN23 的限制 6·10 ¹¹1/公里。尽管限制不适用于他们。此外，在所有 SPN23 水平下，PFI 车辆在所研究的车辆类型中平均低于 23 nm 的分数最高。对于所有车辆类型，在低环境温度下 SPN 排放量增加。而对于 GDI 和 PFI，低于 23 nm 的部分在低温下会减少，而对于 DPF 车辆，它会增加。