Background: For thousands of years, disabilities due to nutrient deficiencies have plagued humanity. Rickets, scurvy, anemia, stunted growth, blindness, and mental handicaps due to nutrient deficiencies affected up to 1/10 of the world’s population prior to 1900. The discovery of essential amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, in the early 1900s, led to a fundamental change in our understanding of food and a revolution in human health. Widespread vitamin and mineral supplementation, the development of recommended dietary allowances, and the implementation of food labeling and testing along with significant improvements in food production and food quality have meant that nutrient-related disorders have almost vanished in the developed world. The success of nutritional science in preventing disease at a population-wide level is one of the great scientific triumphs of the 20th century. The challenge for nutritional science in the 21st century is to understand how to use nutrients and other food constituents to enhance human health or prevent disease at a more personal level. This is the primary goal of precision nutrition. Summary: Precision nutrition is an emerging branch of nutrition science that aims to use modern omics technologies (genomics, proteomics, and metabolomics) to assess an individual’s response to specific foods or dietary patterns and thereby determine the most effective diet or lifestyle interventions to prevent or treat specific diseases in that individual. Metabolomics is vital to nearly every aspect of precision nutrition. It can be used to comprehensively characterize the thousands of chemicals in foods, to identify food byproducts in human biofluids or tissues, to characterize nutrient deficiencies or excesses, to monitor biochemical responses to dietary interventions, to track long-term or short-term dietary habits, and to guide the development of nutritional therapies. In this review, we will describe how metabolomics has been used to advance the field of precision nutrition by providing some notable examples or use cases. First, we will describe how metabolomics helped launch the field of precision nutrition through the diagnosis and dietary therapy of individuals with inborn errors of metabolism. Next, we will describe how metabolomics is being used to comprehensively characterize the full chemical complexity of many key foods, and how this is revealing much more about nutrients than ever imagined. Third, we will describe how metabolomics is being used to identify food consumption biomarkers and how this opens the door to a more objective and quantitative assessments of an individual’s diet and their response to certain foods. Finally, we will describe how metabolomics is being coupled with other omics technologies to develop custom diets and lifestyle interventions that are leading to positive health benefits. Key Message: Metabolomics is vital to the advancement of nutritional science and in making the dream of precision nutrition a reality.
Lifestyle Genomics

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代谢组学在精准营养中的应用

背景：几千年来，由于营养缺乏导致的残疾一直困扰着人类。佝偻病、坏血病、贫血、发育迟缓、失明和因营养缺乏而导致的精神障碍在 1900 年之前影响了多达 1/10 的世界人口。在 1900 年代初期，必需氨基酸、维生素和矿物质的发现导致我们对食物的理解发生了根本性的变化，人类健康发生了一场革命。广泛的维生素和矿物质补充剂、推荐膳食津贴的制定、食品标签和测试的实施以及食品生产和食品质量的显着改善意味着与营养相关的疾病在发达国家几乎消失了。营养科学在人群范围内预防疾病方面的成功是 20 世纪的重大科学成就之一。21 世纪营养科学面临的挑战是了解如何使用营养素和其他食物成分来增强人类健康或在个人层面预防疾病。这是精准营养的首要目标。概括：精准营养是营养科学的一个新兴分支，旨在利用现代组学技术（基因组学、蛋白质组学和代谢组学）来评估个体对特定食物或饮食模式的反应，从而确定最有效的饮食或生活方式干预措施来预防或治疗特定的那个人的疾病。代谢组学对精准营养的几乎每个方面都至关重要。它可用于全面表征食品中的数千种化学物质，识别人体生物体液或组织中的食品副产物，表征营养缺乏或过量，监测对饮食干预的生化反应，跟踪长期或短期饮食习惯，并指导营养疗法的发展。在本次审查中，我们将通过提供一些值得注意的例子或用例来描述代谢组学如何被用于推进精准营养领域。首先，我们将描述代谢组学如何通过对先天性代谢错误个体的诊断和饮食治疗帮助开启精准营养领域。接下来，我们将描述如何使用代谢组学来全面表征许多关键食物的完整化学复杂性，以及这如何揭示比以往任何时候都更多的营养素。第三，我们将描述如何使用代谢组学来识别食物消费生物标志物，以及这如何为更客观和定量地评估个人饮食及其对某些食物的反应打开大门。最后，关键信息：代谢组学对于营养科学的进步和实现精准营养的梦想至关重要。
生活方式基因组学