Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is the most prominent bioelectrochemical approach in electricity generation while metal removal is its secondary application. However, ongoing challenges including low electron transfer rates and unstable biofilm formation on the anode surface need to be addressed. As an attempt to overcome such drawbacks, in the present study, the anode was prepared from graphene oxide (Lg-GO) obtained from lignin and subsequently modified with a metal oxide (i.e., TiO₂). Thus, the plain Lg-GO and Lg-GO/TiO₂ delivered 57.01 mA/m² and 70.17 mA/m² of current density along with 85 % and 90 % of Pb (II) ions removal from synthetic wastewater, respectively within the 90-day operation of MFC. The recorded maximum power density at the Lg-GO anode was 0.44 mW/m², while the maximum PD at the Lg-GO/TiO₂ anode was 0.78 mW/m². The prepared anodes were characterized, and the operational conditions were optimized to validate their performances. The results showed that the optimum performance of the anode was in normal environmental conditions (e.g., pH 7, room temperature). In conclusion, the obtained results indicated that the prepared electrodes (i.e., Lg-GO and Lg-GO/TiO₂) are suitable for energy generation and metal removal via MFC.

微生物燃料电池（MFC）是发电中最突出的生物电化学方法，而金属去除是其次要应用。然而，需要解决持续的挑战，包括低电子转移率和阳极表面不稳定的生物膜形成。作为克服这些缺点的尝试，在本研究中，阳极由从木质素获得的氧化石墨烯（Lg-GO）制备，随后用金属氧化物（即，TiO ₂）改性。因此，普通 Lg-GO 和 Lg-GO/TiO ₂提供 57.01 mA/m ²和 70.17 mA/m ²在 MFC 的 90 天运行中，电流密度以及分别从合成废水中去除 85% 和 90% 的 Pb (II) 离子。Lg-GO 阳极处记录的最大功率密度为 0.44 mW/m ²，而 Lg-GO/TiO ₂阳极处的最大 PD为 0.78 mW/m ²。对制备的阳极进行表征，并优化操作条件以验证其性能。结果表明阳极的最佳性能是在正常环境条件下（例如，pH 7，室温）。总之，所得结果表明所制备的电极（即Lg-GO 和Lg-GO/TiO ₂）适用于通过MFC 产生能量和去除金属。