Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) initiates the infection process by binding to the viral cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 through the receptor-binding domain (RBD) in the S1 subunit of the viral spike (S) protein. This event is followed by virus–cell membrane fusion mediated by the S2 subunit, which allows virus entry into the host cell. Therefore, the SARS-CoV-2 S protein is a key therapeutic target, and prevention and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) have focused on the development of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (nAbs) that target this protein. In this review, we summarize the nAbs targeting SARS-CoV-2 proteins that have been developed to date, with a focus on the N-terminal domain and RBD of the S protein. We also describe the roles that binding affinity, neutralizing activity, and protection provided by these nAbs play in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19 and discuss the potential to improve nAb efficiency against multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants. This review provides important information for the development of effective nAbs with broad-spectrum activity against current and future SARS-CoV-2 strains.

严重急性呼吸综合征冠状病毒-2 (SARS-CoV-2) 通过病毒刺突 (S) 的 S1 亚基中的受体结合域 (RBD) 与病毒细胞受体血管紧张素转换酶 2 结合来启动感染过程蛋白质。该事件之后是由 S2 亚基介导的病毒-细胞膜融合，从而允许病毒进入宿主细胞。因此，SARS-CoV-2 S蛋白是一个关键的治疗靶点，2019冠状病毒病（COVID-19）的预防和治疗重点是开发针对该蛋白的中和单克隆抗体（nAb）。在这篇综述中，我们总结了迄今为止开发的针对 SARS-CoV-2 蛋白的 nAb，重点关注 S 蛋白的 N 端结构域和 RBD。我们还描述了这些 nAb 的结合亲和力、中和活性和保护在预防和治疗 COVID-19 中发挥的作用，并讨论了提高 nAb 针对多种 SARS-CoV-2 变体的效率的潜力。该综述为开发针对当前和未来 SARS-CoV-2 毒株具有广谱活性的有效 nAb 提供了重要信息。