Lithium electrodeposition is important for lithium metal batteries and is presently a safety and reliability concern for the lithium-ion technology. In the literature, many models for the growth of dendrites can be found and a strong dependence on deposition rate is expected. To elucidate the process of the lithium deposition, operando light microscopy at the physical resolution limit of light was performed at rates varying by more than three orders of magnitude. The results show different growth regimes depending on the rate, and where needles, bushes, or accelerated bushes dominate the deposition. All these deposits are based on small crystalline needles and flakes. Little evidence for concentration gradient driven deposition was found. At the highest rate, the electrolyte ionically depletes, but the deposition continues by non-directional bush growth mainly from their insides. An important step at all rates is the insertion into defects in the crystalline lithium.

中文翻译：

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锂增长速度差异巨大的相似之处

锂电沉积对于锂金属电池很重要，目前是锂离子技术的安全性和可靠性问题。在文献中，可以找到许多枝晶生长模型，并且预计对沉积速率有很强的依赖性。为了阐明锂沉积的过程，operando在光的物理分辨率极限下进行光学显微镜检查，其速率变化超过三个数量级。结果显示了不同的生长方式，具体取决于速率以及针、灌木或加速灌木在沉积中占主导地位的位置。所有这些沉积物都基于小的结晶针状和薄片状。几乎没有发现浓度梯度驱动沉积的证据。在最高速率下，电解质离子耗尽，但主要从其内部通过非定向灌木生长继续沉积。无论如何，重要的一步是插入晶体锂中的缺陷。