The interactions between dipoles are called dipole–dipole interactions. One type of dipole–dipole interaction is van der Waals interaction. Similar to van der Waals interactions, the interactions between quadrupoles are called quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. Atoms can be treated not only as dipoles but also as quadrupoles. In this article, we study the quadrupole interactions between highly excited atoms or Rydberg atoms. In addition, unlike many other calculations, in which the primary focus was on the one-dimensional two-body quadrupole–quadrupole interactions, the primary aim of this article is to study the two-dimensional few-body quadrupole–quadrupole interactions. Specifically, the two-dimensional three-body interactions are investigated. This research has many applications, such as quadrupole-blockade for quantum computing, creating molecules based on quadrupole interactions, or quadrupole–quadrupole molecules.

偶极子之间的相互作用称为偶极-偶极相互作用。一种偶极-偶极相互作用是范德华相互作用。与范德华相互作用类似，四极之间的相互作用称为四极-四极相互作用。原子不仅可以被视为偶极子，也可以被视为四极子。在本文中，我们研究高激发原子或里德堡原子之间的四极相互作用。此外，与许多其他计算主要关注一维二维四极杆-四极杆相互作用不同，本文的主要目的是研究二维少体四极杆-四极杆相互作用。具体而言，研究了二维三体相互作用。这项研究有很多应用，例如用于量子计算的四极封锁，