We consider the effect of a pre-plasma layer inevitably present in experiments on the acceleration of electrons and ions during interaction of a relativistic femtosecond laser pulse with a dense plasma. The interaction regimes are identified in which the presence of such a layer can significantly increase the average and maximum energies of electrons. The regimes are discussed in which an artificial nanosecond prepulse makes it possible to produce a collimated electron beam with a high charge and an average energy of up to 10 ponderomotive energies in the direction of the reflected or incident laser beam. It is shown that the acceleration of ions, as a rule, requires an ultrahigh contrast of the laser pulse, since the parameters of the accelerated ion beams deteriorate significantly in the presence of preplasma or due to the evaporation of a thin-film target. The regimes of interaction of laser pulses with thick targets, in which heavy multiply charged ions can be accelerated by cleaning the surface with a prepulse, are also discussed. An essential part of the review is devoted to the interaction of radiation with micro- and nanostructured targets. Both the methods of their fabrication and the issues related to the interaction of a femtosecond laser pulse and its contrast with such structures are considered.

我们考虑了实验中不可避免地存在的前等离子体层对相对论飞秒激光脉冲与致密等离子体相互作用期间电子和离子加速的影响。确定了相互作用机制，其中这种层的存在可以显着增加电子的平均和最大能量。讨论了其中人工纳秒预脉冲可以在反射或入射激光束的方向上产生具有高电荷和平均能量高达 10 个质动力能量的准直电子束的机制。结果表明，离子的加速通常需要激光脉冲的超高对比度，因为在存在预等离子体或由于薄膜靶的蒸发，加速离子束的参数会显着恶化。还讨论了激光脉冲与厚目标相互作用的机制，其中可以通过用预脉冲清洁表面来加速重的多电荷离子。审查的一个重要部分致力于辐射与微米和纳米结构目标的相互作用。它们的制造方法以及与飞秒激光脉冲的相互作用及其与此类结构的对比相关的问题都被考虑在内。审查的一个重要部分致力于辐射与微米和纳米结构目标的相互作用。它们的制造方法以及与飞秒激光脉冲的相互作用及其与此类结构的对比相关的问题都被考虑在内。审查的一个重要部分致力于辐射与微米和纳米结构目标的相互作用。它们的制造方法以及与飞秒激光脉冲的相互作用及其与此类结构的对比相关的问题都被考虑在内。