Heavy metals (HMs), such as lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd), in municipal wastewater (MWW) limit its use as an alternative water resource. Therefore, monitoring HM concentrations in MWW is critical to evaluating potential reuse applications. However, current metal detection methods rely on grab-sampling and analysis on complicated laboratory-based analytical chemistry instruments, limiting sampling frequency. Anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) is a promising measurement alternative. However, HMs in MWW are found as complexes and/or sorbed onto particles, and are thus not detectable by ASV. In this study, we develop a processing method that enables the detection of HMs using ASV. In this method, HM-containing MWW is pretreated by either vacuum ultraviolet (VUV)/H₂O₂(Cd) or a strong acid (Pb), which releases the bound HMs. HMs are then accurately detected and quantified using ASV by utilizing a bismuth subcarbonate/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite incorporated in a Nafion matrix electrode. The resulting sensing process is able to detect trace concentrations of Cd and Pb in both synthetic and real MWW samples. Detection results were benchmarked against state-of-the-art metal detection methods, and were found to be highly accurate (>88%). This pretreatment and detection method enables utilities and end-users to frequently monitor HM concentrations in complex streams.

中文翻译：

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通过阳极溶出伏安法快速检测复杂废水流中的痕量铅和镉

市政废水 (MWW) 中的重金属 (HM)，例如铅 (Pb) 和镉 (Cd)，限制了其作为替代水资源的使用。因此，监测 MWW 中的 HM 浓度对于评估潜在的再利用应用至关重要。然而，目前的金属检测方法依赖于复杂的实验室分析化学仪器的抓取采样和分析，限制了采样频率。阳极溶出伏安法 (ASV) 是一种很有前途的测量替代方法。然而，MWW 中的 HMs 被发现是复合物和/或吸附在颗粒上，因此不能被 ASV 检测到。在这项研究中，我们开发了一种处理方法，可以使用 ASV 检测 HMs。在该方法中，含 HM 的 MWW 用真空紫外 (VUV)/H ₂ O ₂(Cd) 或强酸 (Pb)，可释放结合的 HMs。然后，通过使用碱式碳酸铋/还原氧化石墨烯纳米复合材料并入 Nafion 基质电极，使用 ASV 准确检测和量化 HM。由此产生的传感过程能够检测合成和真实 MWW 样品中痕量浓度的 Cd 和 Pb。检测结果与最先进的金属检测方法进行了基准测试，发现高度准确 (>88%)。这种预处理和检测方法使公用事业和最终用户能够经常监测复杂流中的 HM 浓度。