Seasonal thermal energy storage is an effective measure to enable a low carbon future through the integration of renewables into the energy system. Borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) provides a solution for long-term thermal energy storage and its operational optimization is crucial for fully exploiting its potential. This paper presents a novel linearized control-oriented model of a BTES, describing the storage temperature dynamics under varying operating conditions, such as inlet temperature, mass-flow rate and borehole connection layouts (e.g. in-series, in-parallel or mixed). It supports an optimization framework, which was employed to determine the best operating conditions for a heat pump-driven BTES, subject to different $C{O}_2$ intensity profiles of the electricity. It was demonstrated that this boundary condition, due to its seasonal variation, is critical for the optimal operation of the system, as increasing heat pump efficiency in winter while accepting a lower one in summer can be beneficial. Results for an exemplary district case, subject to two different $C{O}_2$ intensity profiles, show that a lower relative intensity in summer compared to the one in winter leads to a higher optimal operating temperature of the storage. The district system studied is heating-dominated, effectively enabling the BTES to cover only 20% of the total heat demand, leading to limited total yearly CO2 emissions savings of 2.2% to 4.3%. When calculating the benefits associated with the heating and cooling demand handled by the BTES, a higher $C{O}_2$ emission reduction in the range of 12.8%–19.9% was found. This highlights the BTES potential when subject to more balanced loads.

季节性热能储存是通过将可再生能源融入能源系统来实现低碳未来的有效措施。钻孔热能储存 (BTES) 为长期热能储存提供了解决方案，其运行优化对于充分发挥其潜力至关重要。本文介绍了一种新的 BTES 线性化面向控制模型，描述了不同操作条件下的储存温度动态，例如入口温度、质量流量和钻孔连接布局（例如串联、并联或混合）。它支持一个优化框架，用于确定热泵驱动的 BTES 的最佳运行条件，受不同的影响$C{哦}_2$电力的强度分布。事实证明，由于其季节性变化，这种边界条件对于系统的最佳运行至关重要，因为在冬季提高热泵效率而在夏季接受较低的热泵效率可能是有益的。一个示范地区案例的结果，受两种不同的影响$C{哦}_2$强度分布图表明，与冬季相比，夏季较低的相对强度会导致存储的最佳操作温度更高。研究的区域系统以供热为主，有效地使 BTES 仅能满足总供热需求的 20%，从而使每年的二氧化碳排放总量减少 2.2% 至 4.3%。在计算与 BTES 处理的供暖和制冷需求相关的收益时，更高的$C{哦}_2$发现减排量在 12.8%–19.9% 之间。这突出了 BTES 在承受更平衡负载时的潜力。