With an annual production of ∼60 Mt, the U.S. accounts for about 8% of the global wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Still, quantification of the yield gaps (YG) and major management factors to reduce it are scarce. We used Kansas, the largest wheat producing state in the U.S. located in the central Great Plains, for an initial assessment of on-farm yield and YG. We collected field-level management (37 variables), weather (8 variables), soil (two variables) and yield data from 656 commercial wheat fields over three harvest years (2016–2018) to (i) quantify management adoption levels, Ya, and YG, and (ii) identify interactions among management practices and weather variables using a data-rich approach. We also used our data as a case-study to detect whether differences in crop management among regions justified data clustering by crop zones. Water-limited yield potential (Yw) was simulated for each field-year using actual soil and weather data and the SSM-Wheat model. Fields were grouped in three climate zones based on their long-term climatology and important differences in cropping systems between zones. Grain yield averaged 3.8 Mg ha⁻¹ and ranged from 0.3–7.1 Mg ha⁻¹ across all regions and years. The YG averaged 44 %, with seasons with high Yw resulting in greater YG. Management practices most often associated with grain yield were management of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and sulphur (S) fertilizer, as well as foliar fungicide and its interaction with variety reaction to major diseases, although these depended on in-season weather. Our analyses highlighted many other genotype × management × environment interactions explaining winter wheat Ya, such as regional-specific cultivar maturity and the dependency of sowing date (and its relation to seeding rate) on cropping system.

美国年产约 60 公吨小麦，约占全球小麦的 8%（Triticum aestivumL.) 生产。尽管如此，对产量差距（YG）和减少它的主要管理因素的量化仍然很少。我们使用位于大平原中部的美国最大小麦生产州堪萨斯州对农场产量和 YG 进行初步评估。我们在三个收获年（2016-2018）收集了来自 656 个商业麦田的田间管理（37 个变量）、天气（8 个变量）、土壤（两个变量）和产量数据，以（i）量化管理采用水平，Ya，和 YG，以及 (ii) 使用数据丰富的方法确定管理实践和天气变量之间的相互作用。我们还使用我们的数据作为案例研究来检测区域间作物管理的差异是否证明了按作物区进行数据聚类的合理性。使用实际土壤和天气数据以及 SSM-Wheat 模型模拟每个田间年的限水产量潜力 (Yw)。根据其长期气候学和区域之间种植系统的重要差异，将田地分为三个气候带。粮食产量平均 3.8 毫克公顷^-1，范围为 0.3–7.1 Mg ha ^-1，跨越所有地区和年份。YG 平均为 44%，高 Yw 的​​季节导致更大的 YG。最常与谷物产量相关的管理实践是管理氮 (N)、磷 (P) 和硫 (S) 肥料，以及叶面杀菌剂及其与品种对主要病害反应的相互作用，尽管这些取决于季节性天气。我们的分析强调了解释冬小麦 Ya 的许多其他基因型 × 管理 × 环境相互作用，例如区域特定品种的成熟度和播种日期（及其与播种率的关系）对种植系统的依赖性。