This study presents a unique concept of fixed-bed in-situ once-through reactor approaching plug flow (PFR) employed for the disinfection of E. coli. This study discusses the potential applications of a low-cost composite composed of Foundry Sand (FS) and fly ash (FA) for combining hybrid effects. This composite has the intrinsic characteristic of containing iron, which lixiviates in acidic conditions (resulting in photo-Fenton), as well as surface-coated TiO₂, which results in photocatalysis, demonstrating a hybrid effect. The surface characteristic analysis of the catalyst (SEM/EDS, XRD, DRS, and FTIR) confirmed the presence of iron (acting as natural dopant) and TiO₂ making it visibly active. Therefore showed a significant reduction in the treatment time under solar irradiation with 10% synergy of in-situ hybrid-process over individual processes. The implementation of the in-situ hybrid effect in cascade reactor with three reactors in series helped the reactor approaching PFR with 45 min of retention time (Ʈ) and 100% inactivation of E. coli cell count was observed with optimized operational parameters. The cell wall damage was confirmed by the increase in the K⁺ concentration at regular intervals. No regrowth of cells after 24 and 48 h of treatment in the dark and sunlight was observed, in completely inactivated samples. Besides this, the Fe-TiO₂ composite portrayed an exceptional durability/recyclability efficacy (>100 recycles) under continuous flow conditions. To visualize the practical viability of the proposed high-performance once-through reactor system, the total cost of the treatment process was analyzed in detail.

本研究提出了一种独特的固定床原位直通反应器接近活塞流 (PFR) 的概念，用于大肠杆菌消毒。本研究讨论了由铸造砂 (FS) 和粉煤灰 (FA) 组成的低成本复合材料在结合混合效应方面的潜在应用。这种复合材料的固有特性是含有铁，在酸性条件下浸出（产生光芬顿），以及表面包覆的 TiO ₂，产生光催化作用，表现出混合效应。催化剂的表面特征分析（SEM/EDS、XRD、DRS 和 FTIR）证实了铁（作为天然掺杂剂）和 TiO _{2 的存在}使其明显活跃。因此，在太阳照射下的处理时间显着减少，原位混合工艺比单个工艺具有 10% 的协同作用。在具有三个串联反应器的级联反应器中实施原位混合效应有助于反应器以 45 分钟的保留时间 (Ʈ) 接近 PFR，并在优化的操作参数下观察到大肠杆菌细胞计数的100% 失活。通过定期增加 K ⁺浓度来证实细胞壁损伤。在完全灭活的样品中，在黑暗和阳光下处理 24 和 48 小时后，没有观察到细胞的再生。除此之外，Fe-TiO ₂复合材料在连续流动条件下表现出卓越的耐用性/可回收性功效（>100 次回收）。为了使所提出的高性能直流反应器系统的实际可行性可视化，详细分析了处理过程的总成本。