Objective: Youth with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) often show reduced post-error slowing (PES) compared to typically developing controls. This finding has been interpreted as evidence that children with ADHD have error recognition and adaptive control impairments. However, several studies report mixed results regarding PES differences in ADHD, and among healthy controls, there is considerable debate about the cognitive-behavioral origin of PES. Methods: We tested competing hypotheses aimed at clarifying whether reduced PES in children with ADHD is due to impaired error detection, deficits in adaptive control, and/or attention orienting to novelty. Children aged 7–11 years with a diagnosis of ADHD (n = 74) and controls (n = 30) completed four laboratory-based computer tasks with variable cognitive loads and error types. Results: ADHD diagnosis was associated with shorter PES only on a task with high cognitive load and low error-cuing, consistent with impaired error recognition. In contrast, there was no evidence of impaired adaptive control or heightened novelty orienting among children with ADHD. Conclusions: The cognitive-behavioral origin of PES is multifactorial, but reduced PES among children with an ADHD diagnosis is due to impaired error recognition during cognitively demanding tasks. Behavioral interventions that scaffold error recognition may facilitate improved performance among children with ADHD.

中文翻译：

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减少错误识别解释了注意缺陷多动障碍儿童的错误后减缓差异

目标：与正常发育的对照组相比，患有注意力缺陷多动障碍 (ADHD) 的青少年通常表现出错误后减速 (PES) 减少。这一发现被解释为多动症儿童有错误识别和适应性控制障碍的证据。然而，几项研究报告了关于多动症患者 PES 差异的不同结果，在健康对照组中，关于 PES 的认知行为起源存在相当大的争论。方法：我们测试了相互竞争的假设，旨在阐明 ADHD 儿童 PES 降低是否是由于错误检测受损、适应性控制缺陷和/或对新奇事物的注意力。被诊断为 ADHD 的 7-11 岁儿童（n= 74) 和控制 (n= 30) 完成了四项基于实验室的计算机任务，具有不同的认知负荷和错误类型。结果：ADHD 诊断仅在认知负荷高且错误提示低的任务中与较短的 PES 相关，这与错误识别受损一致。相比之下，没有证据表明多动症儿童的适应性控制受损或新奇取向增加。结论：PES 的认知行为起源是多因素的，但诊断为 ADHD 的儿童 PES 降低是由于在认知要求高的任务中错误识别受损。脚手架错误识别的行为干预可能有助于改善多动症儿童的表现。