Metal-based electrocatalysts with different sizes (single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles) show different catalytic behaviors for various electrocatalytic reactions. Regulating the coordination environment of active sites with precision to rationally design an efficient electrocatalyst is of great significance for boosting electrocatalytic reactions. This review summarizes the recent process of heterogeneous supported single atoms, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles catalysts in electrocatalytic reactions, respectively, and figures out the construct strategies and design concepts based on their strengths and weaknesses. Specifically, four key factors for enhancing electrocatalytic performance, including electronic structure, coordination environment, support property, and interfacial interactions are proposed to provide an overall comprehension to readers in this field. Finally, some insights into the current challenges and future opportunities of the heterogeneous supported electrocatalysts are provided.

具有不同尺寸（单原子、纳米团簇和纳米粒子）的金属基电催化剂对各种电催化反应表现出不同的催化行为。精确调控活性位点的配位环境以合理设计高效的电催化剂对于促进电催化反应具有重要意义。这篇综述分别总结了多相负载单原子、纳米团簇和纳米粒子催化剂在电催化反应中的最新进展，并根据它们的优缺点找出了构建策略和设计概念。具体来说，提高电催化性能的四个关键因素，包括电子结构、配位环境、载体性质、和界面交互被提议为该领域的读者提供全面的理解。最后，提供了对异质负载电催化剂当前挑战和未来机遇的一些见解。