Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are a group of autoimmune inflammatory conditions that primarily target the optic nerves, spinal cord, brainstem, and occasionally the cerebrum. NMOSD is characterized by recurrent attacks of visual, motor, and/or sensory dysfunction that often result in severe neurological deficits. In recent years, there has been a significant progress in relapse treatment and prevention but the residual disability per attack remains high. Although symptomatic and restorative research has been limited in NMOSD, some therapeutic approaches can be inferred from published case series and evidence from multiple sclerosis literature. In this review, we will discuss established and emerging therapeutic options for symptomatic treatment and restoration of function in NMOSD. We highlight NMOSD-specific considerations and identify potential areas for future research. The review covers pharmacologic, non-pharmacologic, and neuromodulatory approaches to neuropathic pain, tonic spasms, muscle tone abnormalities, sphincter dysfunction, motor and visual impairment, fatigue, sleep disorders, and neuropsychological symptoms. In addition, we briefly discuss remyelinating agents and mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in NMOSD.

视神经脊髓炎谱系疾病 (NMOSD) 是一组自身免疫性炎症性疾病，主要针对视神经、脊髓、脑干，偶尔也会针对大脑。NMOSD 的特点是反复发作的视觉、运动和/或感觉功能障碍，通常会导致严重的神经功能障碍。近年来，在复发治疗和预防方面取得了重大进展，但每次发作的残余残疾仍然很高。尽管在 NMOSD 中对症和恢复性研究受到限制，但可以从已发表的病例系列和多发性硬化文献的证据中推断出一些治疗方法。在这篇综述中，我们将讨论 NMOSD 对症治疗和功能恢复的既定和新兴治疗选择。我们强调 NMOSD 特定的考虑因素并确定未来研究的潜在领域。该综述涵盖了治疗神经性疼痛、强直性痉挛、肌张力异常、括约肌功能障碍、运动和视力障碍、疲劳、睡眠障碍和神经心理症状的药物、非药物和神经调节方法。此外，我们简要讨论了 NMOSD 中的髓鞘再生剂和间充质干细胞移植。