Primates spend their daytime engaged in four non-overlapping, time-consuming, biologically relevant activities, namely, feeding, moving, resting, and socializing. The present study addressed two issues relevant to socio-ecological theory and life-history theory: how do individuals re-schedule the time allocated to these activity categories when they live in ecologically relaxed settings, where they are food-provisioned, live under benign weather conditions, and are predator-free? How do individuals trade the different activity categories against each other in a relatively time constraint-free setting? We predicted that feeding and moving times should decrease and resting and socializing times should increase. We also explored the relation of feeding time to resting time and social time to see which activity category is more dispensable when feeding time increases. Here we analyzed the activity time budgets of a group of geladas, Theropithecus gelada, and a group of mandrills, Mandrillus sphinx, housed in captivity in similarly vegetated and large-sized enclosures, and exposed to identical temperate-zone climate conditions, and compared them to time budget data available for wild groups of geladas and baboons. We found that they displayed activity budgets that largely matched those reported for wild groups of geladas and baboons, except moving time that decreased, but in geladas solely. We also found a tighter negative relation of feeding to resting time than to social time. These findings indicate that freeing individuals in a captive setting from the time constraints and pressing demands faced by their wild counterparts does not necessarily cause a significant re-scheduling of their activity time budgets. They also support the “social glue” hypothesis, as an increase of feeding time is associated with a significant decrease in resting, not social, time. The notion of a captivity-typical versus wild-typical profile of activity time budgets appears unsupported given the remarkable overlapping of time budget scores across settings and the huge inter-populational, intergroup, and intragroup variation reported.

灵长类动物白天从事四种不重叠的、耗时的、生物学相关的活动，即进食、移动、休息和社交。本研究解决了与社会生态理论和生活史理论相关的两个问题：当人们生活在生态宽松的环境中、有食物供应、生活在温和的天气下时，他们如何重新安排分配给这些活动类别的时间条件，并且没有捕食者？个人如何在相对不受时间限制的环境中相互交易不同的活动类别？我们预测进食和移动时间应该减少，而休息和社交时间应该增加。我们还探讨了进食时间与休息时间和社交时间的关系，以了解当进食时间增加时哪种活动类别更可有可无。在这里我们分析了一组geladas的活动时间预算，Theropithecus gelada和一群山魈，山魈斯芬克斯，被圈养在类似的植被和大型围栏中，并暴露在相同的温带气候条件下，并将它们与可用于野生吉拉达和狒狒群体的时间预算数据进行比较。我们发现他们显示的活动预算与报告的野生吉拉达和狒狒群体的活动预算基本一致，除了移动时间减少，但仅在吉拉达中。我们还发现，进食与休息时间的负相关关系比社交时间更紧密。这些发现表明，将处于圈养环境中的个体从野生动物所面临的时间限制和紧迫需求中解放出来，并不一定会导致他们的活动时间预算的重大重新安排。他们还支持“社交胶水”假说，因为进食时间的增加与休息时间的显着减少有关，不是社交，时间。鉴于不同环境中时间预算分数的显着重叠以及所报告的巨大的群体间、群体间和群体内差异，圈养典型与野生典型活动时间预算的概念似乎不受支持。