This essay investigates interconnections between the novelist, Henry James, Ivan Turgenev, and Aleksandr Pushkin and identifies the racial subtext of these associations. Several scholars have connected Pushkin and James. But none of this scholarship has speculated on whether it was the poet's African heritage that was at the root of hidden connections between these authors. Moreover, though most scholarship on Pushkin's reception in the United States focuses on twentieth-century African American literature, his African heritage was publicized much earlier. In fact, nineteenth-century commentators on both sides of the Atlantic frequently discussed Pushkin's racial heritage as a canonical European writer of African descent. This essay recovers how Henry James used Pushkin's daughter, the morganatic Countess Merenberg, as a model for the racially ambiguous “morganatic” Baroness Münster in The Europeans (1878). A decade later, James seems to have invoked the Countess Merenberg once more in his rewriting of Pushkin's “The Queen of Spades” (1833) in The Aspern Papers (1888). While James publicly attributed Byron and Shelley as inspirations, the discourse surrounding the African heritage of Pushkin and his heirs helps explain why the novelist minimized and erased the racial lineage at the center of The Europeans and The Aspern Papers.

中文翻译：

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当普希金的黑暗风靡一时：重新发现俄罗斯杰出诗人及其后代的种族化

本文探讨了小说家亨利·詹姆斯、伊万·屠格涅夫和亚历山大·普希金之间的相互联系，并确定了这些关联的种族潜台词。有几位学者将普希金和詹姆斯联系起来。但这些学术研究都没有推测诗人的非洲遗产是否是这些作者之间隐藏联系的根源。此外，尽管关于普希金在美国的接待的大部分研究都集中在 20 世纪的非裔美国文学上，但他的非洲遗产却在更早的时候就被宣传了。事实上，19 世纪大西洋两岸的评论员经常讨论普希金作为非裔欧洲作家的种族传统。这篇文章恢复了亨利詹姆斯如何使用普希金的女儿，摩根伯爵夫人梅伦伯格，欧洲人（1878 年）。十年后，詹姆斯在重写普希金的《黑桃皇后》（1833）时似乎再次援引了梅伦伯格伯爵夫人。阿斯彭论文（1888 年）。虽然詹姆斯公开将拜伦和雪莱作为灵感来源，但围绕普希金及其继承人的非洲遗产的论述有助于解释为什么这位小说家最小化并抹去了其中心的种族血统。欧洲人和阿斯彭论文.