Continuously increasing human population demands increased food production, which needs greater fertilizer’s input in agricultural lands to enhance crop yield. In this respect, different fertilization practices gained acceptance among farmers. We reviewed effect of three main fertilization practices (Conventional-, Organic-, and Bio-fertilization) on soil microbial diversity, activity, and community composition. Studies reported that over application of inorganic fertilizers decline soil pH, change soil osmolarity, cause soil degradation, disturb taxonomic diversity and metabolism of soil microbes and cause accumulation of extra nutrients into the soil such as phosphorous (P) accumulation. On the contrary, organic fertilizers increase organic carbon (OC) input in the soil, which strongly encourage growth of heterotrophic microbes. Organic fertilizer vermicompost application provides readily available nutrients to both plants as well as microbes and encourage overall microbial number in the soil. Most recently, role of beneficial bacteria in long-term sustainable agriculture attracted attention of scientists towards their use as biofertilizer in the soil. Studies documented favorable effect of biofertilization on microbial Shannon, Chao and ACE diversity indices in the soil. It is concluded from intensive review of literature that all the three fertilization practices have their own way to benefit the soil with nutrients, but biofertilization provides long-term sustainability to crop lands. When it is used in integration with organic fertilizers, it makes the soil best for microbial growth and activity and increase microbial diversity, providing nutrients to soil for a longer time, thus improving crop productivity.

不断增加的人口需要增加粮食产量，这就需要在农田中投入更多的肥料以提高作物产量。在这方面，不同的施肥方法得到了农民的认可。我们回顾了三种主要施肥实践（常规施肥、有机施肥和生物施肥）对土壤微生物多样性、活性和群落组成的影响。研究报告称，过度施用无机肥料会降低土壤 pH 值，改变土壤渗透压，导致土壤退化，扰乱土壤微生物的分类多样性和代谢，并导致额外的养分积累到土壤中，例如磷 (P) 的积累。相反，有机肥料会增加土壤中的有机碳 (OC) 输入，从而强烈促进异养微生物的生长。施用有机肥料蚯蚓粪为植物和微生物提供容易获得的养分，并促进土壤中微生物的总数。最近，有益细菌在长期可持续农业中的作用吸引了科学家的注意力，将其用作土壤中的生物肥料。研究记录了生物施肥对土壤中微生物 Shannon、Chao 和 ACE 多样性指数的有利影响。通过深入查阅文献得出的结论是，所有三种施肥实践都有自己的方式来使土壤获得养分，但生物施肥为农田提供了长期的可持续性。当它与有机肥料结合使用时，它使土壤最有利于微生物的生长和活动，增加微生物的多样性，