A number of Artificial Intelligence (AI) ethics frameworks have been published in the last 6 years in response to the growing concerns posed by the adoption of AI in different sectors, including healthcare. While there is a strong culture of medical ethics in healthcare applications, AI-based Healthcare Applications (AIHA) are challenging the existing ethics and regulatory frameworks. This scoping review explores how ethics frameworks have been implemented in AIHA, how these implementations have been evaluated and whether they have been successful. AI specific ethics frameworks in healthcare appear to have a limited adoption and they are mostly used in conjunction with other ethics frameworks. The operationalisation of ethics frameworks is a complex endeavour with challenges at different levels: ethics principles, design, technology, organisational, and regulatory. Strategies identified in this review are proactive, contextual, technological, checklist, organisational and/or evidence-based approaches. While interdisciplinary approaches show promises, how an ethics framework is implemented in an AI-based Healthcare Application is not widely reported, and there is a need for transparency for trustworthy AI.

过去 6 年中发布了许多人工智能 (AI) 道德框架，以应对在包括医疗保健在内的不同部门采用人工智能所带来的日益增长的担忧。虽然医疗保健应用中存在着浓厚的医学伦理文化，但基于人工智能的医疗保健应用 (AIHA) 正在挑战现有的伦理和监管框架。本范围审查探讨了 AIHA 如何实施道德框架、如何评估这些实施以及它们是否成功。医疗保健中特定于人工智能的道德框架似乎采用有限，它们主要与其他道德框架结合使用。伦理框架的实施是一项复杂的工作，面临不同层面的挑战：伦理原则、设计、技术、组织和监管。本次审查中确定的策略是主动的、上下文的、技术的、检查表的、组织的和/或基于证据的方法。虽然跨学科方法显示出前景，但并未广泛报道如何在基于人工智能的医疗保健应用程序中实施道德框架，并且值得信赖的人工智能需要透明度。