Biohybrid artificial muscle produced by integrating living muscle cells and their scaffolds with free movement in vivo is promising for advanced biomedical applications, including cell-based microrobotic systems and therapeutic drug delivery systems. Herein, we provide a biohybrid artificial muscle constructed by integrating living muscle cells and their scaffolds, inspired by bundled myofilaments in skeletal muscle. First, a bundled biohybrid artificial muscle was fabricated by the integration of skeletal muscle cells and hydrophilic polyurethane (HPU)/carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofibers into a fiber shape similar to that of natural skeletal muscle. The HPU/CNT nanofibers provided a stretchable basic backbone of the 3-dimensional fiber structure, which is similar to actin-myosin scaffolds. The incorporated skeletal muscle fibers contribute to the actuation of biohybrid artificial muscle. In fact, electrical field stimulation reversibly leads to the contraction of biohybrid artificial muscle. Therefore, the current development of cell-actuated artificial muscle provides great potential for energy delivery systems as actuators for implantable medibot movement and drug delivery systems. Moreover, the innervation of the biohybrid artificial muscle with motor neurons is of great interest for human-machine interfaces.

通过将活体肌肉细胞及其支架与体内自由运动相结合而产生的生物混合人造肌肉有望用于先进的生物医学应用，包括基于细胞的微机器人系统和治疗药物递送系统。在此，我们提供了一种生物混合人造肌肉，它通过整合活体肌肉细胞及其支架构建而成，其灵感来自骨骼肌中的成束肌丝。首先，通过将骨骼肌细胞和亲水性聚氨酯（HPU）/碳纳米管（CNT）纳米纤维整合成类似于天然骨骼肌的纤维形状来制造成束的生物混合人工肌肉。HPU/CNT 纳米纤维提供了 3 维纤维结构的可拉伸基本骨架，类似于肌动蛋白-肌球蛋白支架。结合的骨骼肌纤维有助于生物混合人工肌肉的驱动。事实上，电场刺激可逆地导致生物混合人工肌肉的收缩。因此，目前细胞驱动人造肌肉的发展为能量输送系统作为可植入医疗机器人运动和药物输送系统的致动器提供了巨大的潜力。此外，具有运动神经元的生物混合人工肌肉的神经支配对人机界面非常感兴趣。细胞驱动的人造肌肉的当前发展为能量输送系统作为可植入的 medibot 运动和药物输送系统的致动器提供了巨大的潜力。此外，具有运动神经元的生物混合人工肌肉的神经支配对人机界面非常感兴趣。细胞驱动的人造肌肉的当前发展为能量输送系统作为可植入的 medibot 运动和药物输送系统的致动器提供了巨大的潜力。此外，具有运动神经元的生物混合人工肌肉的神经支配对人机界面非常感兴趣。