Neurons continuously adapt to external cues and challenges, including stimulation, plasticity-inducing signals and aging. These adaptations are critical for neuronal physiology and extended survival. Proteostasis is the process by which cells adjust their protein content to achieve the specific protein repertoire necessary for cellular function. Due to their complex morphology and polarized nature, neurons possess unique proteostatic requirements. Proteostatic control in axons and dendrites must be implemented through regulation of protein synthesis and degradation in a decentralized fashion, but at the same time, it requires integration, at least in part, in the soma. Here, we discuss current understanding of neuronal proteostasis, as well as open questions and future directions requiring further exploration.

神经元不断适应外部线索和挑战，包括刺激、可塑性诱导信号和衰老。这些适应对于神经元生理学和延长生存期至关重要。蛋白质稳态是细胞调整其蛋白质含量以实现细胞功能所需的特定蛋白质库的过程。由于其复杂的形态和极化性质，神经元具有独特的蛋白质稳定要求。轴突和树突中的蛋白质稳态控制必须通过以分散的方式调节蛋白质合成和降解来实现，但与此同时，它需要至少部分整合到体细胞中。在这里，我们讨论了当前对神经元蛋白质稳态的理解，以及需要进一步探索的开放性问题和未来方向。