The inclusion of heteroatom in the hard carbon structure influences the crystal structure and electrochemical behavior to a considerable degree. Herein, we probe N- doped hard carbon series synthesized from a dairy waste at three synthesis temperatures of 600 °C, 800 °C and 1000 °C. The N-doped carbon microspheres (NDCMS) thus achieved, depict varying structural features that have been observed to hugely influence their electrochemical behavior. The rare disorder–order-disorder structural transition in the in-plane order has been observed among the NDCMS samples with NDCMS-800 depicting a high I_G/I_D ratio of 2.7 while NDCMS-600 and NDCMS-1000 depicted I_G/I_D ratio of 1.4 and 1.0 respectively. The N doping concentration varied as 4.1, 3.9, and 2.7 atom % for NDCMS-600, NDCMS-800, and NDCMS-1000, respectively. The doped N existed as pyridinic, pyrrolic, graphitic, and pyridinic oxide functionalities with NDCMS-600 possessing the 23.8 % pyrrolic N and 12.8 % graphitic N content. The N distribution changes to 8.8 % pyrrolic and 20.5 % graphitic in NDCMS-800 while the pyrrolic N content settles to 1.6 atom % and graphitic content increasing to 29.8% in NDCMS-1000. The electrochemical behavior, typically the intercalation exhibited a strong dependence on the above structural features. The NDCMS-600 with short-range order and high pyrrolic N content depicted the highest intercalation capacity of 130 mAhg⁻¹ (total observed capacity is 171 mAhg⁻¹). The NDCMS-800 which depicts lower pyrrolic content and long-range in-plane order exhibited an intercalation capacity of 102 mAhg⁻¹ (total observed capacity is 125 mAhg⁻¹). The NDCMS-1000 with reduced in-plane order and least pyrrolic content exhibits the lowest intercalation capacity of 51 mAh g⁻¹ (total observed capacity is 75 mAh g⁻¹). The intercalation kinetics is also seen to be influenced by structural variations among the NDCMS samples with R_ct of ∼ 539 Ω, 787 Ω, and 1037 Ω for NDCMS-600, NDCMS-800, and NDCMS-1000 respectively.

硬碳结构中包含杂原子在相当程度上影响晶体结构和电化学行为。在此，我们探索了在 600 °C、800 °C 和 1000 °C 三个合成温度下由乳制品废料合成的 N 掺杂硬碳系列。由此实现的N掺杂碳微球 (NDCMS) 描绘了不同的结构特征，这些特征已被观察到极大地影响了它们的电化学行为。在 NDCMS-800 的 NDCMS 样品中观察到了面内顺序中罕见的无序-有序-无序结构转变，其中 NDCMS-800 描绘了2.7的高 I _G /I _D比，而 NDCMS-600 和 NDCMS-1000 描绘了 I _G /I _D比率分别为 1.4 和 1.0。对于 NDCMS-600、NDCMS-800 和 NDCMS-1000，N 掺杂浓度分别为 4.1、3.9 和 2.7 原子％。掺杂的 N 以吡啶、吡咯、石墨和氧化吡啶官能团形式存在，NDCMS-600 具有 23.8% 的吡咯 N 和 12.8% 的石墨 N 含量。N 分布在 NDCMS-800 中变为 8.8% 吡咯和 20.5% 石墨，而吡咯 N 含量在 NDCMS-1000 中稳定到 1.6 原子%，石墨含量增加到 29.8%。电化学行为，通常是嵌入表现出对上述结构特征的强烈依赖。具有短程有序和高吡咯氮含量的 NDCMS-600 表现出最高的插层容量 130 mAhg ^-1（总观察容量为 171 mAhg ^-1）。NDCMS-800 表现出较低的吡咯含量和长程平面内有序性，表现出 102 mAhg ^-1的嵌入容量（观察到的总容量为 125 mAhg ^-1）。NDCMS-1000 具有减少的面内有序性和最少的吡咯含量，表现出最低的嵌入容量为 51 mAh g ^-1（总观察容量为 75 mAh g ^-1）。嵌入动力学也被认为受 NDCMS 样品之间结构变化的影响，NDCMS-600、NDCMS-800 和 NDCMS-1000 的R _{ct 分别}为~539Ω、787Ω和1037Ω。