The front contact of solar cells greatly influences the optoelectronic performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) by controlling the coherent light propagation as well as charge transport within the device. Herein, the nanophotonic front contact consisting of multilayer nanodomes and nanoholes for high-efficiency perovskite single-junction and perovskite/perovskite tandem solar cells (PVK/PVK TSCs) is investigated. The optical and electrical characteristics of solar cells are investigated by conducting an advanced 3D numerical approach with the combination of finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) and finite-element method (FEM) simulations embedded with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The numerical modeling is validated by fabricating a set of efficient PSCs, optimized to a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.9%, V_OC of 1.07 V, J_SC of 21.8 mA cm⁻² and fill factor (FF) of 77%. The nanophotonic device results in improved J_SC by 10−15%, resulting from 10−15% enhanced light incoupling compared with the planar device, while also strengthening the omnidirectional capabilities at angles of illumination as high as 40°. The optimized nanophotonic front contact results in PCEs of >23% and >30% (matched J_SC ≈18 mA cm⁻²) for single-junction PSCs and PVK/PVK TSCs, respectively. Details of the nanophotonic front contact, device, and fabrication process are provided.

中文翻译：

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用于高性能钙钛矿单结和钙钛矿/钙钛矿串联太阳能电池的改进纳米光子前接触设计

太阳能电池的正面接触通过控制相干光的传播以及器件内的电荷传输，极大地影响了钙钛矿太阳能电池 (PSC) 的光电性能。在此，研究了由多层纳米圆顶和纳米孔组成的纳米光子前接触，用于高效钙钛矿单结和钙钛矿/钙钛矿串联太阳能电池（PVK/PVK TSC）。通过结合有限差分时域 (FDTD) 和嵌入粒子群优化 (PSO) 算法的有限元方法 (FEM) 模拟，进行先进的 3D 数值方法来研究太阳能电池的光学和电气特性。数值建模通过制造一组高效 PSC 进行验证，优化后的功率转换效率 (PCE) 为 17.9%，1.07 V 的V _OC，21.8 mA cm ^{-2 的}J _SC和 77% 的填充因子 (FF)。与平面器件相比，纳米光子器件的J _SC提高了 10-15%，这是由于光耦合增强了 10-15%，同时还增强了在高达 40° 的照明角下的全向能力。优化的纳米光子前接触导致单结 PSC 和 PVK/PVK TSC 的PCE 分别为 >23% 和 >30%（匹配J _SC ≈18 mA cm ^-2）。提供了纳米光子前接触、器件和制造工艺的细节。