Melt ponds are pools of meltwater forming principally on Arctic sea ice during the melt season. The albedo of melt ponds is a key component of the surface energy balance. For this reason, various melt pond schemes have been developed for climate models. These schemes require assumptions on the physical processes governing melt ponds as well as a knowledge of the atmospheric state, which are not perfectly known. In this study, we investigate the effects of the sources of uncertainty from the prescribed atmospheric surface state, the melt pond scheme definition and the refreezing formulation of melt ponds on the simulated Arctic sea ice and melt pond properties with the NEMO-LIM3 ocean–sea ice general circulation model. We find that the simulated melt pond state is largely controlled by the freezing point of melt ponds. The representation of melt ponds is in better agreement with observations when using the freezing point of −0.15 $°\text{C}$ compared to the value of −2.00 $°\text{C}$, in our model set-up. All the simulations feature positive trends in melt pond area fraction over the past decades. However, only 3 out of 8 simulations have significant positive trends in melt pond volume per sea ice area. This suggests an influence of the sea ice state for melt ponds over the last 30 years. Overall, we find that the simulated sea ice state, and in particular sea ice volume, is more affected by changes in the prescribed atmospheric forcing than by changes in the prescribed melt pond scheme or refreezing formulation. Including explicit melt pond schemes in large-scale sea-ice models offer the possibility to improve the representation of the surface energy balance in climate general circulation models. Our results underline that, in parallel to these efforts in model developments, improved estimates of surface atmospheric conditions will be required to achieve more realistic sea ice states.

融水池是融水池，主要在融水季节形成于北极海冰上。熔池的反照率是表面能平衡的关键组成部分。出于这个原因，已经为气候模型开发了各种熔池方案。这些方案需要对控制熔池的物理过程以及大气状态的知识进行假设，这些知识尚不完全清楚。在这项研究中，我们研究了来自指定大气表面状态、融池方案定义和融池重新冻结公式的不确定性来源对模拟北极海冰和 NEMO-LIM3 海-海融池特性的影响。冰环流模型。我们发现模拟的熔池状态在很大程度上受熔池凝固点的控制。 $°\text{C}$ 与 -2.00 的值相比 $°\text{C}$，在我们的模型设置中。在过去的几十年中，所有模拟都显示了熔池面积比例的积极趋势。然而，8 个模拟中只有 3 个在每个海冰面积的融化池体积方面具有显着的积极趋势。这表明过去 30 年来海冰状态对融化池的影响。总体而言，我们发现模拟海冰状态，特别是海冰体积，受规定大气强迫变化的影响比规定的融池方案或再冻结公式的变化更大。在大尺度海冰模型中包括明确的融池方案提供了改善气候一般环流模型中表面能量平衡的表示的可能性。我们的结果强调，在模型开发方面的这些努力的同时，