Climate change is a major issue that has disastrous implications on the environment, which, if continued, will cause severe consequences. One of the leading causes of climate change is the emissions of harmful gases, particularly CO₂. In 1997, the Kyoto protocol was signed by 192 countries, creating a system that monetizes CO₂ emissions with an aim to control them. Most countries signed a carbon trading scheme, but the scheme fell short of its goals due to manipulation, lack of integrity, and multiple other challenges. This work presents an improved blockchain-based approach to achieve the objective of monitoring the reduction of carbon emissions. Blockchain's distinct features such as security, immutability, transparency, traceability, and trust, make it a robust and reliable solution for the carbon trading market. Previous Blockchain-based proposals were not comprehensive, practical, applicable, or efficient enough to form an effective solution. This research addresses the current gaps and proposes a comprehensive three-stage hierarchical blockchain framework that employs smart contracts in Blockchain of Things (BoT) to ensure integrity in the system and reach fair trade status that favors the environment over companies' cost reductions and profit-making. The result is an optimized carbon emission trading framework, fully transparent with automated trading and control mechanisms.

气候变化是一个对环境具有灾难性影响的重大问题，如果继续下去，将造成严重后果。气候变化的主要原因之一是有害气体的排放，尤其是CO ₂。1997 年，192 个国家签署了京都议定书，创建了一个将 CO ₂货币化的系统排放的目的是控制它们。大多数国家签署了碳交易计划，但由于操纵、缺乏完整性和其他多重挑战，该计划未能达到其目标。这项工作提出了一种改进的基于区块链的方法，以实现监测碳排放减少的目标。区块链的安全性、不变性、透明性、可追溯性和信任等独特特性使其成为碳交易市场的强大而可靠的解决方案。以前基于区块链的提案不够全面、实用、适用或有效，无法形成有效的解决方案。这项研究解决了当前的差距，并提出了一个全面的三阶段分层区块链框架，该框架在物联网 (BoT) 中采用智能合约，以确保系统的完整性并达到有利于环境而不是公司降低成本和利润的公平贸易状态。制作。结果是一个优化的碳排放交易框架，完全透明的自动化交易和控制机制。