Biomaterials have evolved from inert materials that lack interaction with the body to biologically active, instructive materials that host and provide signals to surrounding cells and tissues. Engineered living materials contain living cells (responsive function) and polymeric matrices (scaffolding function) and, thus, can be designed as active and response biomaterials. In this Review, we discuss engineered living materials that incorporate microorganisms as the living, bioactive component. Microorganisms can provide complex responses to environmental stimuli, and they can be genetically engineered to allow user control over responses and integration of numerous inputs. The engineered microorganisms can either generate their own matrix, such as in biofilms, or they can be incorporated in matrices using various technologies, such as coating, 3D printing, spinning and microencapsulation. We highlight biomedical applications of such engineered living materials, including biosensing, wound healing, stem-cell-based tissue engineering and drug delivery, and provide an outlook to the challenges and future applications of engineered living materials.

生物材料已经从与身体缺乏相互作用的惰性材料演变为具有生物活性的、具有指导意义的材料，这些材料承载着周围的细胞和组织并向其提供信号。工程活材料包含活细胞（响应功能）和聚合物基质（支架功能），因此可以设计为活性和响应生物材料。在这篇评论中，我们讨论了将微生物作为活的生物活性成分的工程活材料。微生物可以对环境刺激提供复杂的反应，并且它们可以通过基因工程来允许用户控制反应和大量输入的整合。工程微生物可以产生它们自己的基质，例如在生物膜中，或者可以使用各种技术将它们掺入基质中，例如涂层，3D 打印、纺丝和微胶囊化。我们重点介绍了此类工程生物材料的生物医学应用，包括生物传感、伤口愈合、基于干细胞的组织工程和药物输送，并对工程生物材料的挑战和未来应用提供了展望。