Carbonaceous materials have been accepted as a promising family of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) owing to optimal overall performance. Among various emerging carbonaceous anode materials, hard carbons have recently gained significant attention for high-energy LIBs. The most attractive features of hard carbons are the enriched microcrystalline structure, which not only benefits the uptake of more Li⁺ ions but also facilitates the Li⁺ ions intercalation and deintercalation. However, the booming application of hard carbons is significantly slowed by the low initial Coulombic efficiency, large initial irreversible capacity, and voltage hysteresis. Many efforts have been devoted to address these challenges toward practical applications. This paper focuses on an up-to-date overview of hard carbons, with an emphasis on the lithium storage fundamentals and material classification of hard carbons as well as present challenges and potential solutions. The future prospects and perspectives on hard carbons to enable practical application in next-generation batteries are also highlighted.

中文翻译：

---

用于下一代锂离子电池的硬碳阳极：回顾与展望

由于具有最佳的整体性能，碳质材料已被公认为有前途的锂离子电池（LIB）负极材料系列。在各种新兴的碳质负极材料中，硬碳最近在高能锂离子电池方面受到了极大的关注。硬碳最吸引人的特征是富集的微晶结构，这不仅有利于吸收更多的 Li ⁺离子，而且有利于 Li ⁺离子嵌入和脱嵌。然而，由于初始库仑效率低、初始不可逆容量大和电压滞后，硬碳的蓬勃发展显着放缓。许多努力致力于解决实际应用中的这些挑战。本文重点介绍硬碳的最新概述，重点是硬碳的锂存储基础和材料分类，以及当前的挑战和潜在的解决方案。还强调了硬碳在下一代电池中的实际应用的未来前景和前景。