The ophiostomatoid fungi are an assemblage of ascomycetes which are arguably best-known for their associations with bark and ambrosia beetles (Curculonidae) and blue stain (sap stain) of many economically important tree species. These fungi are considered a significant threat to coniferous forests, which has resulted in numerous studies characterising the diversity of bark beetles and their ophiostomatoid associates globally. The diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi present in Australian pine plantations, however, remains largely undetermined. The aims of this study were therefore to reconsider the diversity of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Pinus in Australia, and to establish the baseline of expected taxa found within these plantation ecosystems. To achieve this, we reviewed Australian plant pathogen reference collections, and analysed samples collected during forest health surveillance programs from the major pine growing regions in south-eastern Australia. In total, 135 ophiostomatoid isolates (15 from reference collections and 120 collected during the current study) were assessed using morphological identification and ITS screening which putatively distinguished 15 taxonomic groups. Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of representative isolates from each taxon was performed to obtain high-quality sequence data for multi-locus phylogenetic analysis. Our results revealed a greater than expected diversity, expanding the status of ophiostomatoid fungi associated with Pinus in Australia to include 14 species from six genera in the Ophiostomatales and a single species residing in the Microascales. While most of these were already known to science, our study includes seven first records for Australia and the description of one new species, Graphilbum ipis-grandicollis sp. nov.. This study also provides an early example of whole genome sequencing (WGS) approaches replacing traditional PCR-based methods for taxonomic surveys. This not only allowed for robust multi-locus sequence extraction during taxonomic assessment, but also permitted the rapid establishment of a curated genomic database for ophiostomatoid fungi which will continue to aid in the development of improved diagnostic resources and capabilities for Australian biosecurity.

中文翻译：

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与澳大利亚东南部的松树皮甲虫和受感染的松树相关的蛇口真菌，包括 Graphilbum ipis-grandicollis sp. 十一月

蛇口真菌是子囊菌的一个集合，可以说因其与树皮甲虫和豚草甲虫（象甲科）以及许多经济上重要树种的蓝斑（汁液斑）的关系而闻名。这些真菌被认为对针叶林构成重大威胁，因此开展了大量研究，描述了全球树皮甲虫及其蛇口类昆虫的多样性。然而，澳大利亚松树种植园中存在的蛇口真菌的多样性在很大程度上仍未确定。因此，本研究的目的是重新考虑与澳大利亚松属相关的蛇口真菌的多样性，并建立在这些种植园生态系统中发现的预期分类单元的基线。为了实现这一目标，我们审查了澳大利亚植物病原体参考收集，并分析了在澳大利亚东南部主要松树种植区的森林健康监测项目中收集的样本。总共，使用形态学鉴定和 ITS 筛选对 135 个蛇口类分离株（15 个来自参考收集，120 个在当前研究期间收集）进行了评估，推测区分了 15 个分类群。对每个分类单元的代表性分离株进行全基因组测序 (WGS)，以获得用于多位点系统发育分析的高质量序列数据。我们的结果显示出比预期更大的多样性，扩大了与澳大利亚松属相关的蛇口真菌的状况，包括蛇口目 6 个属的 14 种和微鳞目中的一个物种。虽然其中大多数已为科学所知，但我们的研究包括澳大利亚的七个首次记录以及一个新物种 Graphilbum ipis-grandicollis sp. 的描述。这项研究还提供了全基因组测序 (WGS) 方法取代传统的基于 PCR 的分类学调查方法的早期示例。这不仅可以在分类评估过程中进行可靠的多位点序列提取，还可以快速建立蛇口真菌的基因组数据库，这将继续有助于开发改进的澳大利亚生物安全诊断资源和能力。