Surface energy balance (SEB) strongly influences the thermal state of permafrost, cryohydrological processes, and infrastructure stability. Road construction and snow accumulation affect the energy balance of underlying permafrost. Herein, we use an experimental road section of the Alaska Highway to develop a SEB model to quantify the surface energy components and ground surface temperature (GST) for different land cover types with varying snow regimes and properties. Simulated and measured ground temperatures are in good agreement, and our results show that the quantity of heat entering the embankment center and slope is mainly controlled by net radiation, and less by the sensible heat flux. In spring, lateral heat flux from the embankment center leads to earlier disappearance of snowpack on the embankment slope. In winter, the insulation created by the snow cover on the embankment slope reduces heat loss by a factor of three compared with the embankment center where the snow is plowed. The surface temperature offsets are 5.0°C and 7.8°C for the embankment center and slope, respectively. Furthermore, the heat flux released on the embankment slope exponentially decreases with increasing snow depth, and linearly decreases with earlier snow cover in fall and shorter snow-covered period in spring.

中文翻译：

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多年冻土地区不同雪情和特性的亚北极道路的表面能量平衡

表面能量平衡 (SEB) 强烈影响永久冻土的热状态、低温水文过程和基础设施稳定性。道路建设和积雪影响下伏多年冻土的能量平衡。在此，我们使用阿拉斯加高速公路的实验路段开发 SEB 模型，以量化具有不同雪况和特性的不同土地覆盖类型的表面能分量和地表温度 (GST)。模拟和实测地温吻合良好，结果表明进入路堤中心和边坡的热量主要受净辐射控制，受感热通量控制较少。春季，路堤中心侧向热通量导致路堤边坡积雪提前消失。在冬季，与犁过雪的路堤中心相比，路堤边坡上的积雪形成的隔热层将热量损失减少了三倍。路堤中心和斜坡的表面温度偏移分别为 5.0°C 和 7.8°C。此外，路堤边坡释放的热通量随着积雪深度的增加呈指数下降，随着秋季积雪越早、春季积雪期越短而线性下降。