Women are particularly susceptible to developing gingival problems during pregnancy. In addition, periodontal disease in pregnant women may lead to adverse outcomes for both mother and infant, which have serious clinical and public health implications. Both scenarios have been extensively researched, helping to bring attention to pregnant women as an important and vulnerable population as it concerns periodontal health. The increase in gingival inflammation caused by hormonal changes in pregnant women is undisputed and has been studied and documented since the 1960s, although the exact etiology is not fully understood. The relationship between periodontal disease during pregnancy and adverse pregnancy outcomes is less substantiated, because of conflicting evidence. This review of the biomedical and epidemiologic literature provides an overview of both sides of this relationship and examines the potential mechanisms for developing periodontal disease during pregnancy and the proposed mechanisms by which periodontal disease leads to adverse pregnancy outcomes.

中文翻译：

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牙周病学和妊娠：生物医学和流行病学证据概述

女性在怀孕期间特别容易出现牙龈问题。此外，孕妇的牙周病可能对母婴造成不良后果，对临床和公共卫生产生严重影响。这两种情况都得到了广泛的研究，有助于引起人们对孕妇这一重要和脆弱人群的关注，因为它涉及牙周健康。由孕妇荷尔蒙变化引起的牙龈炎症增加是无可争议的，并且自 1960 年代以来就已被研究和记录，尽管确切的病因尚不完全清楚。由于相互矛盾的证据，妊娠期牙周病与不良妊娠结局之间的关系没有得到证实。