Oxidative stress (OS) is involved in the multifaceted pathogenic paradigm of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's disease (PD). Monoterpenes like α-pinene (ALP) is considered to be a therapeutically potent antioxidant agent able to attenuate and scavenge various reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species. The present study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective effect of α-pinene self-emulsifying nanoformulation (ALP-SENF) for PD. 3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay was done to evaluate the neurotoxic dose of the ALP-SENF; however, the neuroprotective effect was assessed by 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) induced neurotoxicity model on SH-SY5Y taking NAC (N-acetyl-l-cysteine) as standard. The in vivo anti-Parkinson's activity of the ALP-SENF was compared with that of the plain ALP suspension by using reserpine antagonism and haloperidol-induced Parkinsonism model in rats. Various behavioral tests and biochemical antioxidant enzymes were estimated. The in vitro results revealed that treatment with ALP-SENF at a concentration of 100 and 200 µM was found to show significant neuronal SH-SY5Y cell viability against 50 µM 6-OHDA. ALP-SENF treated animals have seen significant neurobehavioral improvement. Furthermore, the levels of antioxidative enzymes in biochemical test reveals a marked enhancement in the expression of antioxidant enzymes that significantly attenuated the OS induced neurodegeneration. Due to the mechanisms of their antioxidant action, it was probably due to the scavenging of free radicals and the expression of antioxidant enzymes. It also improved neurobehavioral changes induced by reserpine and haloperidol.

中文翻译：

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α-蒎烯自乳化纳米制剂对6-OHDA诱导的人SH-SY5Y细胞神经毒性的神经保护作用及其抗帕金森效应的体内验证

氧化应激 (OS) 与帕金森病 (PD) 等神经退行性疾病的多方面致病模式有关。像α-蒎烯（ALP）这样的单萜被认为是一种治疗有效的抗氧化剂，能够减弱和清除各种活性氧和活性氮。本研究旨在评估α-蒎烯自乳化纳米制剂（ALP-SENF）对PD的体外和体内神经保护作用。进行3-(4,5-二甲基噻唑-2-基)-2,5-二苯基溴化四唑测定以评估ALP-SENF的神经毒性剂量；然而，神经保护作用是通过 6-羟基多巴胺 (6-OHDA) 诱导的 SH-SY5Y 服用 NAC ( N-乙酰- l-半胱氨酸）作为标准。通过利血平拮抗作用和氟哌啶醇诱导的大鼠帕金森病模型，比较了ALP-SENF与普通ALP悬液的体内抗帕金森病活性。估计了各种行为测试和生化抗氧化酶。体外结果显示，发现用浓度为 100 和 200 µM 的 ALP-SENF 处理对 50 µM 6-OHDA 显示出显着的神经元 SH-SY5Y 细胞活力。ALP-SENF 治疗的动物已经看到显着的神经行为改善。此外，生化测试中抗氧化酶的水平显示抗氧化酶的表达显着增强，显着减弱了 OS 诱导的神经退行性变。由于它们的抗氧化作用机制，这可能是由于自由基的清除和抗氧化酶的表达。它还改善了由利血平和氟哌啶醇引起的神经行为变化。