Ordered nanostructured materials and their porous counterparts are important for numerous applications in sorption and separation sciences, electrochemistry, catalysis, and photonics. They can be synthesized by introducing surfactant or amphiphilic polymer template(s) into the condensation stage of a developing solid. Understanding the pathways involved in the formation of these materials is of great interest and will help in the development of future synthesis schemes for designing nanomaterials with controlled nanostructures, pore sizes and shapes, and particle morphologies. In this work, the formation pathway of carbonaceous particles, with cubic-type ordered nanostructures, in the polymer amphiphile-templated hydrothermal condensation of sugar was investigated. A detailed transmission electron microscopy study revealed the initial formation of ∼50 nm sized nanoparticles and the structure attributable to assembled nanoparticles to form larger microparticle volumes. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis showed the time-dependent development of the ordered structures in the carbonaceous particles. A dynamic stabilization–destabilization of the ordered phase was suggested through the analysis of the liquid crystalline gel-like matrix. The growing carbonaceous body inherited the final liquid crystalline phase, giving the microparticles a well-ordered cubic nanostructure. An additional internal domain texture was also revealed inside the microparticles. The proposed pathway will contribute toward establishing strategies for precisely manipulating nanostructured bodies as well as acquiring an in-depth understanding of the templated precipitations, including those in the natural systems.

中文翻译：

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深入了解水热条件下模板有序纳米结构碳质颗粒的形成途径

有序纳米结构材料及其多孔对应物对于吸附和分离科学、电化学、催化和光子学的众多应用非常重要。它们可以通过将表面活性剂或两亲聚合物模板引入显影固体的缩合阶段来合成。了解参与这些材料形成的途径具有重要意义，并将有助于开发未来的合成方案，以设计具有受控纳米结构、孔径和形状以及颗粒形态的纳米材料。在这项工作中，研究了具有立方型有序纳米结构的碳质颗粒在聚合物两亲模板化糖水热缩合中的形成途径。详细的透射电子显微镜研究揭示了约 50 nm 大小的纳米粒子的初始形成以及可归因于组装纳米粒子以形成更大的微粒体积的结构。小角度 X 射线散射分析显示碳质颗粒中有序结构的时间依赖性发展。通过对液晶凝胶状基质的分析，提出了有序相的动态稳定-去稳定化。不断增长的碳质体继承了最终的液晶相，使微粒具有有序的立方纳米结构。微粒内部还显示了额外的内部域纹理。