Class 1 integrons are mobile genetic elements that facilitate the spread of antibiotic resistance genes among bacteria. The use of prophylactic antibiotics has resulted in the rise of antibiotic resistance genes accumulating in a wide range of settings, including poultry houses and the agricultural fields where poultry litter is applied as a fertilizer. Biochar and wood vinegar are forest products wastes that have generated increasing attention as additives to agricultural soils. The objectives of this study were to observe the prevalence of class 1 integrons in poultry litter blended with biochar and wood vinegar over time and to verify a modified class 1 integron screening assay. Poultry litter blends were sampled and screened for class 1 integrons using polymerase chain reaction, and 80 products, 79 of which showed positive, were sent for DNA sequencing. The GenBank® BLAST database was used to verify the presence of the class 1 integron-integrase gene (intI1). There was no change in prevalence over time in poultry litter blends. Out of 79 PCR products that were intI1 positive, 78 showed at least 95% sequence identity to intI1 encoding bacteria and 64 showed at least 97% sequence identity. This indicates that this method was effective for conducting baseline surveillance of class 1 integrons in poultry litter and poultry litter-blended biochar and/or wood vinegar. Most significantly, class 1 integron prevalence did not decrease over time, further supporting the recalcitrance of these elements and the need for improved monitoring systems.

1 类整合子是可移动的遗传元件，可促进抗生素抗性基因在细菌中的传播。预防性抗生素的使用导致抗生素抗性基因在各种环境中积累，包括禽舍和将家禽垫料用作肥料的农田。生物炭和木醋液是林产品废物，作为农业土壤的添加剂引起了越来越多的关注。本研究的目的是观察与生物炭和木醋混合的家禽垫料中 1 类整合子随时间的流行情况，并验证改进的 1 类整合子筛选试验。使用聚合酶链反应对家禽垫料混合物进行取样和筛选 1 类整合子，80 种产品，其中 79 种呈阳性，被送去进行 DNA 测序。GenBank® BLAST 数据库用于验证 1 类整合子整合酶基因的存在（INTI1 )。随着时间的推移，家禽垫料混合物的流行率没有变化。在intI1阳性的 79 个 PCR 产物中，78 个与intI1编码细菌显示至少 95% 的序列同一性，64 个显示至少 97% 的序列同一性。这表明该方法可有效地对家禽垫料和家禽垫料混合生物炭和/或木醋液中的 1 类整合子进行基线监测。最重要的是，1 类整合子的流行率并没有随着时间的推移而下降，这进一步支持了这些元素的顽固性和对改进监测系统的需求。