The present study proposes a 3-dimensional approach for enhancing the effective piezoelectric properties by poling orientation. The governing parameters for actuation and sensing applications are \(d_{31}\) and \(d_{31} /\varepsilon_{33}\), respectively. The effective magnitudes of these parameters, i.e., \( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) and \(d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}} /\varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) , change with poling angles (roll and pitch angles). The combination of poling angles corresponding to the maximum magnitude of \( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) and \(d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}} /\varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) is called the optimum poling angle for piezoelectric materials. BaTiO₃ and KNN piezoelectric materials with tetragonal symmetry show an enhancement in \(d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}} /\varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) and \( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) at an optimized poling angle (roll angle). The piezoelectric material, 0.67Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.33PbTiO₃ (PMN-0.33PT) with rhombohedral symmetry, shows a maximum improvement of 575% in \(d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}} /\varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) at an optimum roll angle of 29° and a pitch angle of 60°. On the other hand, PMN-0.33PT shows an enhancement of 2034.44% in the \( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\) coefficient at optimum roll and pitch angles of 50° and 60°. The effect of poling orientation on different piezoelectric materials with tetragonal and rhombohedral symmetry has been studied for actuation and sensing applications. The experimental approach to achieve inclination of dipoles through the placement of electrodes for different piezoelectric materials is also discussed.

本研究提出了一种通过极化取向增强有效压电性能的 3 维方法。驱动和传感应用的控制参数分别是\(d_{31}\)和\(d_{31} /\varepsilon_{33}\)。这些参数的有效幅度，即\( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\)和\(d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}} /\ varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\)，随极化角（滚动角和​​俯仰角）而变化。\( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\)和\(d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}的最大幅度对应的极化角的组合/\varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\)称为压电材料的最佳极化角。具有四方对称性的BaTiO ₃和 KNN 压电材料在\(d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}} /\varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\ )和\( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\)以优化的极化角（滚动角）。具有菱形对称性的压电材料 0.67Pb(Mg _1/3 Nb _2/3 )O ₃ -0.33PbTiO ₃ (PMN-0.33PT) 在\(d_{31}^{{{ \text{eff}}}} /\varepsilon_{33}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\)在最佳滚动角为 29° 和俯仰角为 60°。另一方面，PMN-0.33PT 显示增强了 2034.44%\( d_{31}^{{{\text{eff}}}}\)最佳滚转角和俯仰角为 50° 和 60° 时的系数。极化取向对具有四方和菱面体对称性的不同压电材料的影响已被研究用于驱动和传感应用。还讨论了通过放置不同压电材料的电极来实现偶极子倾斜的实验方法。