The Anthropocene is characterized by unparalleled human impact on other species, potentially ushering in the sixth mass extinction. Yet mitigation efforts remain hampered by limited information on the spatial patterns and intensity of the threats driving global biodiversity loss. Here we use expert-derived information from the International Union for Conservation of Nature Red List on threats to 23,271 species, representing all terrestrial amphibians, birds and mammals, to generate global maps of the six major threats to these groups: agriculture, hunting and trapping, logging, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. Our results show that agriculture and logging are pervasive in the tropics and that hunting and trapping is the most geographically widespread threat to mammals and birds. Additionally, current representations of human pressure underestimate the overall pressure on biodiversity, due to the exclusion of threats such as hunting and climate change. Alarmingly, this is particularly the case in areas of the highest biodiversity importance.

人类世的特点是人类对其他物种的影响无与伦比，有可能迎来第六次大灭绝。然而，关于导致全球生物多样性丧失的威胁的空间模式和强度的信息有限，缓解努力仍然受到阻碍。在这里，我们使用来自国际自然保护联盟红色名录的专家得出的信息，这些信息涉及代表所有陆地两栖动物、鸟类和哺乳动物的 23,271 个物种，以生成对这些群体的六种主要威胁的全球地图：农业、狩猎和诱捕、伐木、污染、入侵物种和气候变化。我们的研究结果表明，农业和伐木在热带地区普遍存在，狩猎和诱捕是哺乳动物和鸟类在地理上最普遍的威胁。此外，由于排除了狩猎和气候变化等威胁，目前对人类压力的表述低估了对生物多样性的总体压力。令人震惊的是，在生物多样性最重要的地区尤其如此。