The study aim was to assess the intrinsic vulnerability of the middle Valseriana (northern Italy) through a methodology that could fully consider the peculiar characteristics of the Pre-Alps region. After applying classical methods for karst environments (COP and EPIK), the integrative COPA+K method was developed for the Nossana (dominant drainage system) and Ponte del Costone (dispersive circulation system) spring catchments. The COPA+K approach exploits the potential of the COP method with the addition of two factors: the influence of the main discontinuities on the water system according to their distance from the spring (A factor), and the development of the karst network (K factor). The COP and COPA+K maps were validated based on the characteristic correlation, for the study area, between the values of δ¹⁸O and the elevation of recharge areas. Compared to COP, the COPA+K results appeared more stringent in the identification of areas characterized by high vulnerability, which passed from 35.6% to 23.6% of the entire study area. COPA+K also made possible to better differentiate the behavior of the two catchments. In terms of high susceptible areas, their percentage difference increased by 12.3%, correctly emphasizing the greater susceptibility of the Nossana drainage system in comparison with the Ponte del Costone dispersive one. For the COPA+K map, in the Nossana catchment, the δ¹⁸O values indicated a good agreement between the mean elevation of high vulnerable and water recharge areas (± 106 m). For Ponte del Costone, the isotopic data indicated a possible mixing with the waters of the Serio River.

该研究的目的是通过一种能够充分考虑阿尔卑斯山前地区特殊特征的方法来评估中部 Valseriana（意大利北部）的内在脆弱性。在对喀斯特环境应用经典方法（COP 和 EPIK）后，针对 Nossana（主导排水系统）和 Ponte del Costone（分散循环系统）春季集水区开发了综合 COPA+K 方法。COPA+K 方法利用了 COP 方法的潜力，并添加了两个因素：主要不连续性根据它们与泉水的距离对水系统的影响（A 因素），以及岩溶网络的发展（K因素）。COP 和 COPA+K 图基于特征相关性进行验证，对于研究区域，δ ¹⁸值之间O 和补给区的海拔。与 COP 相比，COPA+K 结果在识别高脆弱性区域时显得更为严格，从整个研究区域的 35.6% 到 23.6%。COPA+K 还可以更好地区分两个流域的行为。在高敏感区方面，它们的百分比差异增加了 12.3%，正确地强调了与 Ponte del Costone 分散系统相比，Nossana 排水系统具有更大的易感性。对于 COPA+K 地图，在 Nossana 流域，δ ¹⁸ O 值表明高脆弱区和补水区的平均海拔高度 (± 106 m) 之间具有良好的一致性。对于 Ponte del Costone，同位素数据表明可能与 Serio 河的水混合。