From a sampling campaign from December 2018 to June 2019, at a traffic and an urban background site in Coimbra, Portugal, two particulate matter (PM₁₀) samples from each month were selected to characterise the morphology by scanning electron microscopy, to determine the organic and inorganic chemical composition by multiple analytical techniques and to assess the ecotoxicity by the Vibrio fischeri bioluminescence inhibition assay. PM₁₀ concentrations in winter were approximately twice as high as those recorded in the spring. Biomass burning was the greatest contributor to air pollution in winter at both sites. The contribution of vehicle emissions to the PM₁₀ at the roadside was, on average, 7 times higher than at the background location. Distinct particle morphologies were observed. Higher abundances of aggregates enriched in Fe, Ti, Ba, Cr, Co, Cu, Zr, Mn and soot particles were registered in samples from the roadside. Bivariate plots suggested common sources of PAHs, mostly traffic and biomass burning, across the city. Benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentrations were within the values documented for other European cities. Cancer risks resulting from exposure to PAHs by inhalation were estimated to be low (10⁻⁶ ≤ to <10⁻⁴) for both sites. The noncarcinogenic risks from particulate trace elements were always higher than the target value of 1. Cancer risks for Cr were found to be higher than the acceptable level (10⁻⁶). The calculation of toxic units indicated that 64% of the samples from the roadside location were toxic and 14% very toxic, while the corresponding shares for the urban background site were 50% and 7%, respectively. Many PM₁₀-bound constituents, especially markers of biomass burning (e.g. anhydrosugars) and traffic emissions (e.g. Fe, Cu, Zn), showed significant statistical correlations with toxicity.

从 2018 年 12 月至 2019 年 6 月的一次采样活动中，在葡萄牙科英布拉的一个交通和城市背景站点，选择了每个月的两个颗粒物 (PM ₁₀ ) 样本，通过扫描电子显微镜对其形态进行表征，以确定有机通过多种分析技术和无机化学成分，并通过费氏弧菌生物发光抑制试验评估生态毒性。冬季PM ₁₀浓度大约是春季记录的两倍。生物质燃烧是两个地点冬季空气污染的最大原因。车辆排放对 PM ₁₀的贡献在路边，平均比背景位置高 7 倍。观察到不同的颗粒形态。在路边的样品中记录了更高丰度的富含 Fe、Ti、Ba、Cr、Co、Cu、Zr、Mn 和烟尘颗粒的聚集体。双变量图显示了整个城市多环芳烃的常见来源，主要是交通和生物质燃烧。苯并[ a ]芘当量浓度在其他欧洲城市的记录值范围内。估计两个部位因吸入多环芳烃而导致的癌症风险较低（10 ^-6  ≤ 至<10 ^-4）。颗粒微量元素的非致癌风险始终高于目标值 1。 发现 Cr 的致癌风险高于可接受水平（10^-6 )。有毒单位的计算表明，64% 的路边位置样本有毒，14% 非常有毒，而城市背景地点的相应份额分别为 50% 和 7%。许多与 PM ₁₀结合的成分，尤其是生物质燃烧（例如脱水糖）和交通排放（例如 Fe、Cu、Zn）的标志物，显示出与毒性的显着统计相关性。